The purpose of this paper is to trace the history of educational philosophy through geography textbooks in secondary schools before World War II. The focus is on Ogawa Takuji, a professor at Kyoto Imperial University. We can only find enumerating descriptions and meticulous accounts in textbooks in the 1910s. However, in the latter half of the 1920s many authors introduced the theory of man and nature in textbooks. Ogawa and other authors aimed at the description of the man-nature relationship in textbooks. In the 1930s, many authors attached importance to the methodology by which students should examine the theory of man and nature, not only through physical representation but also through intuition, figures, and tables.
A transition thus occurred from instilling geographical information into students to the pursuit of the study methodology. As a result, Ogawa's textbooks introduced many maps, illustrations, and figures. He summarized his educational philosophy of geography in the textbook Shin Gaikokuchiri (1933).
On the contrary, Ishibashi Goro, who also had a post at Kyoto Imperial University, defined the objective of geography education in the educational curriculum in his book The Theory of Geography Education (1937). They had a cooperative relationship in academic research, but had a different attitude toward the teaching of geography. Consequently, there was diversity in geography education.

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The author explains the development of a large-scale rice-growing areas. In particular, he focuses on large-scale rice-growing farmers' management methods in the Fujishima-area in Yamagata Prefecture, which has developed into an agricultural center of the Shonai area.
The large-scale rice-growing farmers in the area have enlarged their farmland holdings by leasing land since the 1980s. Farmers expanded their farms during the 1990s. As a result, the management base of the farmers was strengthened through improved productivity. An analysis of rice farming in the Higashi-watamae settlement showed that large-scale rice-growing farmers rented farmland from relatives and retiring farmers, and that middle- to smaller-scale rice-growing farmers are engaged in self-contained farming. The management base of the farmers was strengthened through improved productivity and reduced production costs. The continuous fall of rice prices since 1994 has negatively affected the ability of rice-growing farmers to manage their farms, and the profitability of rice farming has been far lower than anticipated. In response, large-scale rice-growing farmers have diversified into vegetable production and production of organic rice, and have developed new methods for cultivating rice with lower pesticide use, in an effort to preserve their profits.

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In Japan, the animation industry, a major content industry, has intensively agglomerated in Tokyo. This study analyzes the agglomeration mechanism of the animation industry in Tokyo from a business-to-business transaction and labor market perspective. Corporations in the industry can be the categorized as prime contractors and processing order-receiving firms. The prime contractors play a role of contacts in distributing jobs within the industry. The processing order-receiving firms are in charge of specialized processing and subcontracting from other production firms. These production firms are typically small to medium sized. As a characteristic of the business-to-business trade, it was found the trading with sponsoring firms outside the industry tends to last for mid-to-long term, and the contracts are specifically documented. Trades within the industry tend to be short-term without specific documents of contract. For trades within the industry, the production firms have some flexibility in the transaction through trust in technologies and payments of the clients. Thus, it is important for each firm to establish mutual trust.
The employees consist of regular workers and freelancers. The majority of employees are freelancers. They come from technical schools and through intermediate recruitment within the industry. While these freelancers have special skills and thus rely on the job opportunities in animation production, they are typically paid based on their performance, and therefore have unstable job conditions. They up grade their skills through coaching by senior workers and get information about works from the colleagues.
The agglomeration of the animation industry in Tokyo is maintained through: 1) proximity to other firms in the same industry that enables transactions based on a relationship of mutual trust; 2) a labor market that secures and reproduces specialized labor with flexibility; 3) concentration of the content industry as sponsoring firms; and 4) mutual relationships with special technical schools that provide new employees.

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