This study aimed to clarify the volume of physical activity performed by elementary schoolchildren on school holidays through a comparison of activity on school holidays to school days, in order to propose an index of the number of steps needed to ensure the target volume of physical activity on school holidays.

The following results were obtained:

1.The mean number of steps on school holidays was 10,046 for boys and 7,376 for girls, which was 71.8% of the number on school days for boys and 68.9％ for girls. The time spent on activity at intensity LC4‒9 on school holidays was 35.9 min (69.6% of the time on school days) for boys and 24.3 min (68.3%) for girls. The time spent on activity at intensity LC7‒9 on school holidays was 12.4 min (65.1%) for boys and 8.5 min (75.1%) for girls.

2. The group that did not perform exercise on school holidays had greatly reduced physical activity time with respect to school days.

3. To ensure the target volume of physical activity (60 min or more at LC4‒9) the target index should be 15,000 steps incorporating exercise. Also, lifestyles should be organized to aim for 12,000steps in order to ensure 60 min of physical activity at walking intensity or greater（LC3-9）.

  Psychosomatic disorders in children have become an issue within the field of education. At the same time, in Japanese schools, there have been reports of transformations in children's self-perspective and self-efficacy due to participation in activities such as summer camps and seaside school camps. While most of these studies examined the effects of residential school trips from the aspect of social psychology, very few have examined these effects from the aspect of physiology and biochemistry. Therefore, the present study aimed to understand the effects of residential school trips on the physical health of 5 th-grade elementary school children through collecting data on body temperature on waking, time of waking, bedtime, and bowel movements.

  A total of 714 5th-grade children participated in the study. The children were selected from 9 public elementary schools from within "M" city in the Greater Tokyo Area, and the survey was conducted between May and October 2013 . For the survey, we used self-completion health questionnaires and collected data relating to body temperature on waking, time of waking, bedtime, and bowel movements. Data were collected 5 days prior to the residential trip and 7 days into the trip.

  The following is the overview of the findings: Bedtime and waking time were observed to be earlier at the start of the residential trip. Similarly, body temperature on waking was lower at the start of the trip, but exhibited an upward trend during the trip. There were also temporary issues with bowel movements up to the third day of the trip, but a gradual improvement was observed starting from the fourth day. Changes in body temperature on waking, time of waking, and bedtime were compared between a group with low body temperatures and a group with normal body temperatures. The comparison revealed that although later bedtimes and waking times were observed in the group with low body temperatures prior to the trip, they normalized during the trip, which enabled us to observe upward trend in their body temperature on waking.

  The aforementioned findings may be valuable knowledge: knowledge gained through the examination of the effects of residential school trips via the assessment of body temperature on waking, sleep patterns, and bowel movements.

  It seems that various challenges to complete child-care support in local communities have started after the Comprehensive Support System for Children and Child-rearing was enforced. And in these stream of the times, the fulfillment of early-postpartum-support is rather needed.

  In this study, the methods to support such early-postpatrum-mothers are considered through the interviews which were held in the way to ask some mothers to remember and tell about their postpartum four months, focusing the bitterness which those mothers have after four months of their first deliveries, and searching factors to mitigate or remove such bitterness.

  As the result, this consideration derived the hypothetical model that those tester mothers after four months of their deliveries have these bitterness, “confusion to do with their children,” “loneliness,” “frustrations,” and “deconditioning,” and “support from their families,” “helps from child-care specialists,” “examples of experienced persons” are confirmed to be useful to mitigate and solute such bitterness.

  And more, during the child-care period like this, mothers feel burden more and more when their babies don’t stop crying, and they often stay home in some ambivalent mental condition against going out. Not only support by child-care experts, but also the improvement of such expert-support are inevitably needed.

  Based on the above, this study considered the way of child-care support during the early postpartum period in local communities.

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the environment for implementation of measurement and evaluation of physical fitness and motor ability for preschool children in childcare facilities. A questionnaire was sent to a total of 688 facilities that included kindergartens in Aichi, Gifu and Shizuoka (western area) Prefectures and nursery schools in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, and one hundred seven institutions replied (15.6%). From the results of this investigation, the following can be proposed to promote implementation of the measurement and evaluation of physical fitness and motor ability for preschool children in childcare facilities: (1) providing opportunities to promote an understanding in basic theory and methods of measurement and evaluation, (2) lending equipment and instruments required for measurement, and (3) providing advice and assistance by experts specializing in evaluation.