Nepal that does not produce chemical fertilizer imports it and receives it from industrialized countries as assistance for development of agriculture. Agricultural Input Cooperative (AIC) in Nepalese Government distributes fertilizer monopolistically. The prices of fertilizer are deter-mined by AIC. The authorized merchants of fertilizer have decisive power in the fertilizer market and they do not sell the fertilizer at the government decided prices. Farmers must buy the fertilizer at the black market.
Our research at Sankhu village in Kathmandu basin shows that the irrigation system in the village is not managed efficiently. The lack of enough irrigation water in dry season makes it difficult to grow rice. More than ten years ago, the farmers in this village generally produced wheat in the dry season. After that they introduced potatoes instead of wheat. The production of potatoes using irrigated water increased as a cash crop.
The HYV of rice also introduced in this area within ten years. The large portions of paddy field are owned by absentee landlords. Nearly one forth of produced rice must be payed as a rent to the landlords. For the farmers the production of potatoes is more attractive than rice production as a cash crop. Our case study shows that it is more important for farmers to produce potatoes than wheat in dry season.

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As a result of the growth of modern industries since 1937, Hachinohe's population expanded rapidly and Hachinohe became one of the leading concentrations of population in Aomori Prefecture. Hachinohe is now, in addition to its manufacturing position, the largest service center for the southern part of the prefecture. In 1990, the population was about 241,000. This paper is concerned with the changes of urban land use pattern of Hachinohe from 1937 to 1993, and gives particular attention to the process through which a whole urban pattern develops.
Hachinohe has five historic cores: old Hachinohe founded as a small castle town during the Edo period, other four such cores as Konakano, Minato, Shirogane and Same, which were the fishing and trading ports at distances of one to five kilometers east of old Hachinohe. After 1937, two modern industrial districts developed along the northern coastal lowland. Beyond the old built-up area the zone characterized by shopping, warehouses and small-scale industries expanded on the lowlands and the residential land uses mainly spread over the southern uplands. Some industrial estates, distribution centers and city housing projects isolated on the urban fringe were established.
Based upon the process of urban development we can understand that Hachinohe is made up of three counterparts, each of which has grown from old Hachinohe, four port towns and two modern industrial districts respectively. It is identified that old Hachinohe has been occupied with the most important position for extensive new urban development. The urban area of Hachinohe, multi-nuclear though it seems to be, can be virtually represented as the zonal growth with old Hachinohe as a single urban core. Two industrial districts and four port towns merely modify this zonal expansion together with topography and the main transportation routes.

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本稿は, 1949年から1995年にかけての中国における耕地面積の変化を分析し, それが食糧生産に及ぼした影響を評価することを目的とする。本稿は3つの部分で構成されている。はじめに, 中国全国の耕地面積値が出典によって異なっていることを討論した。そして,1980年代初めと1990年代初めにそれぞれ実施された土地利用調査データと同時期の統計年鑑のそれを比較した。
次に, 統計年鑑に基づき, 耕地面積の変化率に関して3つの特徴を示した。最近の9年間における耕地面積減少の要因を分析する過程で, 都市化の耕地面積に及ぼす影響を充分考慮に入れた要因分類法を提示した。
要因としては都市化, 農村集落の拡大, 林地と草地への転用, 自然災害, 農業その他のためのインフラの整備などがあげられるが, 都市化の影響が最も大きい。最後に,耕地面積の減少による食糧生産への影響は食糧作付け面積に依存すると指摘した。作付け面積の減少は単位面積当たり収穫量の減少を伴う場合, 食糧総産出量を著しく減少させる。

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