Before contact with the Russians, for the indigenous people of Kamchatka such as Itelmen and Maritime Koryak, hunting was one of main subsistence activities as fishing was. At that time, people hunted and used land mammals such as wild reindeer, Siberian bighorn, brown bear and also sea mammals such as seals, Steller's sea lion, beluga for both food and materials for daily necessities. However, their self-consumptive economic society was put under the influence of fur trade by colonization of the Russian Empire. After that, many trade goods from the outside were brought to the indigenous society of Kamchatka as in the case of North America. From such trades utensils, firearms and steel traps affected their subsistence activities so much as to change their hunting methods. As the second influence, another economic system, that is commercial fishing of salmons came to Kamchatka in the beginning of 20th century. People traded their salmon with the Japanese. Then as the third influence, the Soviet system advanced to Kamchatka and changed the indigenous society and economy fundamentally around the beginning of the 1930's (WATANABE 1999, 2000, 2001). The breakdown of Soviet regime and shifting of economic system to the market economy on the beginning of 1990's gave a serious shock to the local society and economy, and consequently most indigenous people virtually lost their work. Under the present economic situation, traditional subsistence of indigenous people are becoming to be much more important. In this paper the author would like to consider the significance of indigenous hunting in the modem local economy from the viewpoint of historical change of hunting economy.

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During 1995-97, we had three field seasons in the Notoro peninsula regions. We invesitigated Notro west coast site, Misaki N site, and Misaki V site. Notro west coast site was datable to Okhotsk period. As result of prospecting, we found out three or four pit dwellings. Misaki N site and Misaki V site were datable to Satsumon period. As result of excavation and measurement, we found out three pit dwellings in N site, eleven pit dwellings in V site. We pablished report of the excavation at these site in 1999 (Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples 1999). On the beginning of these investigations, we intended to clarify the relations to Okhotsk culture and Satsumon culture, as well as relations to Okhotsk culture and Epi-Jomon culture. Continuously, we intended to investigate into these relations. In 2003, we reopened the excavation in the Notoro peninsula regions. We chosed Misaki VI site. This site included two pit dwellings. We excavated pit dwelling 1, where lies to the north of another one (pit dwelling 2) . Pit dwelling 1 was square in plan with a side 8 m. In the floor, we found potteries with straw - rope pattern, stone arrow heads, knife-shaped stone tools, polished stone axes and so on. So, pit dwelling 1 was datable to Epi-Jomon period. But, it did not have entrance corrider on the comer and fire place in the middle of the floor, which are features of Epi-Jomon culture.

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[in Japanese]

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Translation of the former half of the original: Е.А.Крейнович ‘Собаководство гиляков и его отражение в религиозной идеологии’, in “Этнография 4:29-54(1930). ”

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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