With the acceleration of urbanization, urban landscape patterns have been rapidly adjusted and reorganized, which has resulted in drastic changes in the quality of urban habitats. To achieve the objective of a new type of eco-conservative urbanization, it is urgent that we strengthen the research on the relationship between the habitat quality and landscape patterns. Based on the InVEST model and FRAGSTATS landscape pattern index, in this study, we evaluated the habitat quality evolution and landscape pattern change trend of Harbin based on remote sensing images from 2000, 2010, and 2020, and we explored the correlation between them using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the habitat quality in Harbin decreased from 0.68 to 0.65, with an overall downward trend. The low-quality habitat increased by 1.25%, while the high-quality habitat decreased by 6.43%. The spatial heterogeneity was substantial, and the distribution pattern was high in the middle, middle in the east, and low in the west; (2) The landscape pattern index of Harbin obviously changed, and the overall landscape pattern had a trend of further fragmentation and gradual irregularity, decreases in the diversity and evenness, and spatial heterogeneity; (3) For most of the land types, there were substantial correlations between the habitat quality and landscape pattern indices. The PD, COHESION, and LSI had the most substantial correlations with the habitat quality. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the ecological protection and sustainable development in Harbin.

This research focuses on evaluating the shape of a tree's crown and its impact on CO₂ dispersion from transportation. CO₂ emissions from motor vehicles can quickly spread and cause poor air quality on the roadside. The design of tree planting is a way to control air quality by reducing CO₂ dispersion. Therefore, the tree's crown shape is an essential element to consider when planting trees, as different crown shapes can have different effects on CO₂ dispersion. Selecting the wrong shape for a tree's crown can have negative consequences for controlling CO₂ dispersion on the roadside.

To evaluate the impact of different tree crown shapes, this research examines five common shapes found in Surabaya city: round, umbrella, oval, conical, and columnar. The study area is created in 3D modelling using Sim Studio tools software. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is then used to simulate the spread of CO₂ emissions on the roadside. The simulation involves four scenarios that consider CO₂ dispersion in 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° wind direction. The last step of this research involves validating the data using correlation analysis.

The results demonstrate that the shape of a tree's crown has a significant impact on CO₂ dispersion. The oval, conical, and columnar shapes are the most suitable for planting along the roadside because they can effectively reduce the dispersion of CO₂ emissions. In contrast, the round and umbrella shapes have the highest CO₂ distribution and are unsuitable for planting along the roadside.

Korean ethnic dwellings have changed rapidly with the urban development of China. However, approaches to this kind of rural construction included insufficient architectural space in their design to meet the needs of contemporary life. We therefore need to better understand the spatial evolution of Korean ethnic dwellings and how to best capture their current spatial characteristics. Taking an Architectural Planning perspective, we looked at 38 typical Korean ethnic dwellings in the Tumen River Basin, the ways in which their spatial character has changed, and the behavior of their residents, before summarizing their overall spatial characteristics. The research revealed that, through the influence of other cultures, elements of the plan form of Korean ethnic dwellings have been enriched and have grown in complexity. This has been accompanied by changes in residential behavior. We identified four types of changes of spatial characteristics: simplification and opening up; local changes of use; adoption of policy guidelines; the influence of other ethnic groups. Results of this research might serve as a reference for the future construction of Korean ethnic dwellings and inform research on other ethnic residences, thereby enriching the development of ethnic culture in China.

A unified original townscape may affect the identity and value of the area. However, it is not easy to maintain the original design as time passes. This study aims to clarify the actual remaining state of exterior form within suburban detached residential areas and explore the influencing factors. For data collection, visual observation of the site and a literature survey on the housing map was conducted. For analysis, we conducted the cross-tabulation, chi-square test, and association analysis. The following results are obtained: 1) In about 80% of the lots, both planting belts and hedges are maintained after 23-37 years of development. The hedge is more likely to disappear than the planting belts, 2) Rebuilding, household alternation, and multiple flat parking spaces are three significant factors influencing the disappearance of planting belts and hedges. The impact of rebuilding is the predominant factor in the disappearance of both. Furthermore, the impact of rebuilding is strengthened when combined with household alternation or multiple flat parking spaces, and 3) The relationship between the remaining exterior features and duration after development by the areas and joining communal building agreements was not confirmed.

In the context of population decline and urban sprawl, based on “The Location Optimization Plan” to promote the sustainable structural transformation of city to compact city, the residential attraction areas in Kumamoto, Japan are taken as the research area. And the prediction model of optimum population capacity is used to measure the balance between people and urban environment by Random Forest regression, so as to grasp the residential development of residence attraction areas with sufficient population capacity. From the whole residence attraction areas, future population development trends will not exceed the region's optimum population capacity, but there are problems in maintaining the population in the urban inducing areas, mainly reflected in the Suizenji-Kuhonji, Kengun and Nagamine regional hubs.

Coastal areas play a vital role by providing some people with their source of livelihood. Coastal areas are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as sea-level rise (SLR), which could damage infrastructure and threaten the socio-economic conditions of communities, thus making the regions vulnerable. Semarang City located in a coastal zone, and one of the coastal settlements in Semarang City experiencing the impacts of climate change is Tambak Lorok in North Semarang District. Adaptive capacity is needed for solutions to climate change vulnerability. This study aims to determine the level of vulnerability due to tidal flood disasters resulting from climate change in coastal settlements. In this initial stage, this study assesses the level of vulnerability and uses a quantitative approach. Through lessons learned by comparing the conditions of vulnerability in Bilu Village, Banjarmasin City, differences in capacity vulnerability were obtained. Tambak Lorok has a low level of social vulnerability, while Bilu Village has a medium level of vulnerability. Assessments related to social vulnerability are identified through individual and community capacity indicators measured at the household and community levels. Differences in the conditions of coastal areas and the impacts of climate change that occur affect the level of vulnerability of these areas.

We examined the possibility that residents who experience severe natural disasters such as typhoons can subsequently develop increased positive feelings toward the place where they live. Accordingly, we surveyed Japanese residents about their place attachment before and after Typhoon No. 19 in 2019 by comparing the perceptions of mandatory evacuation-order area residents with those of other area residents. The data were collected from 11,799 residents from all over Japan via a web-based questionnaire survey conducted in November 2019, immediately after the October 2019 typhoon. The results indicated that place attachment improved significantly among residents of underpopulated mandatory evacuation-order areas. We hypothesized that social capital unique to rural areas was a factor in this improvement, but the exact causal relationship has not been identified. The next task is to test this hypothesis, which may contribute to the development of a disaster resilience theory that is specific to rural areas.

Empirical studies on agro-industrial complexes are few. Facing the issue of their sustainability, the vitality of the complex is analyzed in South Korean settings through structural equation modeling of the survey data of 600 companies. Unlike the existing literature on regional economics, the survey evaluates objective characteristics at the local, complex, and company levels while incorporating psychometrics, subjective qualities of the local environment, the complex itself, infrastructure, networking, and supportive policy. Among the objective characteristics, significant variables in the employment and sales models turn out to be consistent and mainly at the company level. Among the subjective variables, employment size and sales are associated with the qualities of infrastructure and supportive policy. Specifically, potential employees will be attracted by accessible transportation systems to neighboring major cities rather than convenience facilities within the complex. Sales may be improved by providing direct support for the marketing of each company compared to indirect support regarding agro-industrial complexes, infrastructure, and networking.

Historical sites generally contain cultural and natural elements and contribute to the charm of a city. Their development can also help shape urban branding and boost economic growth. Therefore, this study selects two representative pagoda courtyards in the ancient capital Xi’an to investigate how historical sites can benefit more people. Both of the pagoda courtyards are outstanding cityscapes since they were erected in the Tang Dynasty. They have been continually repaired and maintained by later generations, and the surrounding environment design of the courtyards is organically integrated with the urban structure of the past dynasties. In the wave of urban construction in recent years, the two pagoda courtyards are also facing different environmental design paths. However, both scholars and the public are concerned that large-scale space development will damage the psychological perception of historical sites. The Perceived Restorative Scale (PRS) was adopted to study the courtyards' mental restorativeness. Through semi-structured interviews and thematic analyses, the diverse sources of mental restoration are demonstrated. Overall, PRS results verify the mental restorativeness of the historic pagoda courtyards. Furthermore, the pagodas' varied modern urban designs manifested different restorative perceptions for individuals. This study provides pre-development data for the SW regarding its spatial perception. Secondly, this study provides a scientific basis for urban planning and management strategy, adding to the debate surrounding conservation and utilisation of urban historical/cultural environments. It informs open design principles for the regeneration of historical/cultural environments in the urban fabric.

In order to optimize the layout of rural space, improve the living environment of rural areas, accurate implementation of village merging tasks is of great significance. In this study, with the help of statistical analysis methods such as fuzzy evaluation, the evaluation indexes were extracted and the weight values were calculated from two aspects: the development trend of the town outside the village and the basic development capacity inside the village, and an efficient village merger evaluation method was identified. Taking Zhangjiakou as an example, combining with its regional development policies and the related norms and standards, the author employed the village merger evaluation method to evaluate the merger conditions of the villages in Zhangjiakou, and established an evaluation index system of village merger to guide the formulation of village merger plans in Zhangjiakou. The empirical study has demonstrated that the village merger evaluation method can improve the efficiency and accuracy of town and village system planning, land use planning, as well as the development strategies of urban and rural areas.

Unequal distribution of physical activity resources for the disadvantaged has become a major topic of discussion in today’s world. The resources include parks, urban greenery, and private facilities for recreation to name a few. Although morphological indicators such as street connectivity, block size, and block length are important for walking, limited literature explains how these built forms vary for neighborhoods of different socio-economic groups. The study can be important in Indian conditions since walking is a necessity for work as well as for leisure for a certain group of people who cannot afford to buy motorized vehicles. Assessing spatial inequality for them can contribute to recommendations for sustainable planning. This study compares four neighborhoods of different property values in Bhubaneswar, India to examine the inequality in the built-form distribution. India is specially chosen for this study because standard rules for subdivisions are almost missing there. Seven built-form indicators are compared for the four neighborhoods. The analysis shows that a variation in built form does exist between neighborhoods of different socio-economic groups. Longer blocks, higher block density, and higher plot density are observed for neighborhood of lower socio-economic status. However, neighborhood predominated by informal housing is compact and found to have the best walkability conditions.

Globally the demand for housing is far more than supply, resulting to 100 million+ been homeless and with one billion people living in inadequate homes. In addition, recent world crisis such as high rural urban migration, natural disasters like the Syria-Turkey earth quake, flooding, conflicts such as the ongoing Russia-Urkraine war, COVID-19 protocols of social distance and isolation, etc. exacerbates the housing deficit. Whilst the current approach to housing especially in developing countries concentrates on convention unsustainable approach to affordable housing delivery. With the few sustainable housing development attempts been far luxurious beyond average Ghanaian affordability. This research seeks to contribute to address housing deficit problems using frugal Innovation (FI) as a game changer to sustainable affordable housing (SAH) through a bibliometrics and a systematic review study. With regards to financial, resource-constrained, significant cost reductions over existing options and sustainable solutions, one idea currently gaining traction is frugal innovation (FI). It is more affordable than the conventional approach to development and can convert constraint into opportunity in a sustainable manner, as well as have a direct link to sustainable affordable development. Search for this study was on all disciplines with publications linked to frugal innovation and sustainable affordable housing limited to only online articles, conference publications, books, and other materials published in English on Scopus, science direct, and Google Scholar. The finding revealed, FI is a combination of all similar innovations, under one umbrella to serve the underserved bottom-of-the-pyramid (BOP) market, making it superior to other forms of innovation. This study will contribute significantly to improving the policy direction of stakeholders in an attempt to reduce the housing deficit in Ghana and other developing countries globally. In addition, it will contribute to the UN-SDGs and UN-Habitat policymakers on the sustainable cities 2030 agenda.

Since the first revision of the Equalization of Land Rights Act in 1958, urban land readjustment has become a dominant strategy and tool for urban land development. A crucial factor affecting financial self-liquidation of urban land readjustment is the distribution of cost-equivalent land, which is the land used to pay for public facilities within urban land readjustment regions. Cost-equivalent land can be used to fund land readjustment through market bidding. Studies on land prices have revealed that related factors, such as land-use intensity, individuals, and regions, affect the price of land. Studies have begun to focus on whether land transactions in urban land readjustment are similar to normal land transactions. The present study investigated the influence of land assembly on the land prices of cost-equivalent land and identified other factors by estimating hedonic price functions. The results indicate that general characteristics and land assembly are land price determinants. General characteristics, including the floor area ratio, width of the adjacent road, width of the base, depth of the base, street corner conditions, and bidding time, demonstrated a significant effect on the bidding price of cost-equivalent land. Fragmentation of the ownership of adjacent land had little effect on bidding price. Governments handling land allocation operations should consider the location of land. In addition, the aforementioned influencing factors are crucial and can lead to land having higher value.

Historical cities are important types of cultural heritage sites, and their preservation conditions and conservation status require efficient dynamic monitoring. As the national strategy of China has been vigorously developed in recent years, high-resolution remote sensing technology provides new opportunities for dynamic monitoring of historical and cultural heritage. Based on demand analysis of the historical city conservation and support capacities of high-resolution remote sensing technology, this paper developed a general framework of historical cities conservation monitoring supported by high-resolution remote sensing technology, combined with specific case studies. The framework includes three processes: remote sensing image interpolation for historical cities, temporal and spatial change analysis of conservation elements, and quantitative evaluation of the conservation status. The aims of this study are to explore high-resolution remote sensing technology for conservation monitoring of historical cities and promote the conservation and legacy of historical cities.

This paper represents an advanced assessment of a satellite imagery-based vegetation transition detection method for Bangladesh's southern district of Barguna. Bangladesh has been identified as the most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change due to deteriorating vegetative cover and urbanization pushing forces. This paper aims to use GIS and remote sensing techniques to estimate vegetation change and determine the conversion pattern in the coastal district of Barguna, Bangladesh, from 1989 to 2020. The major methodology used in this research is NDVI differencing and supervised image classification to validate the conversion over time. With a combination of satellite imagery bands, NDVI uses multi-spectral remote sensing techniques to discover vegetation index, water, empty spaces, and forests. To categorize the canopy into distinct kinds, we use NDVI threshold values of 0, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2. Our findings reveal significant geographical variations in bare regions, sparse, moderate, and thick vegetation types. We discovered that over the last 31 years, a total of 412.90 km² (49.25 percent) of land has been deforested, with the transition rate being particularly high in dense vegetation. This research of vegetation cover change can help predict the recurrence of natural disasters, give humanitarian assistance, and enable innovative protection tactics.

Karangsari Urban Village is one of the slum areas recognized in Tuban Regency in 2016. This is because Karangsari Village has a variety of environmental problems, including the highest building irregularity of any village at 300 units per hectare, particularly in areas bordering the beach; the habit of discarding garbage in the sea; and inadequate facilities for washing and toilets (Plan for Settlement of the Karangsari Urban Village Settlement Environment, 2018). As a result, changes were made to the region in 2018, transforming it from light slums to non-slums. However, it is well established from existing study that Karangsari Urban Village is unsustainable in terms of natural capital, physical capital, human capital, economic capital, and social capital. This study defines a set of sustainable livelihoods criteria to ensure that individuals achieve their basic requirements without compromising future generations. The analysis is quantitative, and the fishbone diagram is used to illustrate it. The research produced a set of criteria that must be completed in order for communities, leaders, and government to collaborate on developing sustainable livelihoods that are suited for village conditions. Coastal circumstances must be addressed in a way that balances the needs of nature and civilization, the community must actively participate in and suggest current development, and financial institutions for local communities must be available (both formal and informal).