The present study focuses on the development of the geodesign-based process for supporting site-level planning in hill regions. It provides a rational and quantitative approach to ensure sustainable development of hill regions. The process developed has three cycles which revolve around the five common core steps. In the first cycle, factors influencing site-level planning are identified and data corresponding to these factors are acquired. In the second cycle, methods for analysing the data acquired are finalized. Finally, in the third cycle, the methods finalized are executed to provide solution for site-level planning. The geographic information system (GIS)-based working model was developed for the automation of the developed process. The developed working model includes various GIS-based tools for spatial and overlay analysis, reclassification, and digitization to derive alternate scenarios. The process was implemented for its validation in the planning of the new institutional campus and identification of locations required for additional built-up spaces in an existing campus. The planning solution of the new institutional campus derived from the developed process has 10 % additional green area and conserved forest, 30% less surface runoff, and 11% more solar irradiance. The implementation results established that the planning decisions taken using the developed process were contextually more appropriate in conserving the sensitive ecosystem of the site under consideration.

Colombo is a spontaneously developed city with high rates of traffic accidents. Although laws and regulations emphasize safety measures, the number of traffic injuries remains high, while fatality rate increases. Therefore, designing streets to spontaneously prevent users from accidents despite recklessness is vital, and street design phase becomes important in urban development. So far, urban planning in Sri Lanka has been merely based on expert knowledge, and user perspective remains unknown. Stakeholder discussions confirm the need for one comprehensive street design standard other than the existing laws on selective aspects and structural specifications. Foremost it is essential to understand the expert and user perspectives on the prominence of various components of streets in determining user safety and comfort, and thus becomes the aim of this research. Urban street components that determine physical safety and comfort are summarized through a literature review, and case study. The quantitative research method involves obtaining a comparative score on the priority of identified components in determining physical safety and comfort by the public and experts through online surveys, and conducting descriptive statistical analysis based on means of the scores to identify the hierarchy of priority by the two groups. Accordingly, components are categorized as mandatory to ensure physical safety and comfort, enhance physical safety and comfort when present, and affect physical safety and comfort when present. This outcome contributes to the sustainable future development of Sri Lankan urban streets by incorporating in design policy development and methodology and sets an example to incorporate expert and public opinions in other contexts.

This research aimed to build an index of heritage city sustainability in Malaysia. The method used was quantitative with a field survey design. Ten heritage cities listed in the Malaysian Architectural Heritage Inventory Study Report were utilized as the study areas: George Town, Melaka City, Taiping, Kuala Kubu Bharu, Jugra, Tampin, Muar, Kota Bharu, Kuala Lipis, and Kuching. A total of 1000 respondents were recruited utilizing cluster sampling and a simple random sampling method. The data were analysed with factor analysis methods as well as descriptive and index formulas. The results show that the sustainable heritage cities are Melaka City (0.85) and Muar (0.75). The moderately sustainable ones are Kota Bharu (0.71), George Town (0.68), Taiping (0.67), Kuching (0.67), Jugra (0.63), Tampin (0.60) and Kuala Lipis (0.58). Meanwhile, Kuala Kubu Bharu (0.47) is less sustainable. This analysis implies that heritage cities can be arranged according to their respective levels of sustainability and can act as a reference for the authorities for future development.

Abstract Military actions on the territory of Ukraine have had massive negative consequences To address these issues the efforts of state local authorities scientists and businesses have been united In connection with the adoption of Law of Ukraine No 5323 dated July 9 2022 titled "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Fundamentals of the State Regional Policy the Policy of Restoration of Regions Territories " Ukrainian scientists were tasked with finding mechanisms for the effective restoration of territories of various functional types The article presents the results of theoretical empirical studies which led to the conclusion that it is realistic to achieve effective restoration of Ukraine's territories after the current war by introducing special economic investment regimes that also serve as incentives for sustainable development A theoretical review of the instruments for financing Ukraine's restoration allowed us to highlight their differences The European Japanese experience of recovery after military conflicts has enabled us to propose acceptable approaches to rebuilding Ukraine The survey helped determine the commencement dates priorities for the restoration of these territories Using this data a concept of sustainable development for the territories was formulated represented by a cognitive model of sustainable development post-war Additionally a list of benefits provided to investors on priority development areas along with a scheme for reconciling interests between the state investors territorial communities has been established.

One of the fundamental indicators for evaluating visual continuity in the preservation of historical landscapes is the visual experience gained through sequential views in urban space. Controlling the valuable visual qualities is essential to maintain the precious sequential view of the historical landscape. The visual perspective of pedestrians and the wayfinding roles of urban landmarks are central issues in the visual experience of historical cities. The evaluation of visibility analysis is performed using the scene-capturing method via photographic survey. This method is combined with 2D isovist and 3D viewshed analysis as a computational approach applied to five historical landmarks in Malang, Indonesia. The scene-capturing methodology examines the sequential view series of each landmark from various approaching paths by extracting the landmark's silhouette and segmenting the visibly distinct areas of the scene. Subsequently, 2D isovist and 3D viewshed analyses investigate the pattern of the visual field spectrum along each route. As a result, the best visibility rate at the closest observation distance is achieved by the Frateran School Building at 9.58%, while the best visibility at the farthest observation distance is observed at the Kayutangan Church Building at 0.97%. The range of observation distances with a significant percentage of visual sightings is from 75m - 100m, with the closest observation distance ranging from 50 - 75 meters. Combining sequential photo mapping and isovist analysis provides a powerful tool for managing and enhancing the visual experience, which can inform decisions on urban planning, architectural design, and historical preservation.

The 11^th agenda of SDGs has become an utterly important mission of governments worldwide to create and sustain livable urban settlements. Rapid urbanization becomes one of the reason for the urgency. This research aims at understanding the spatial transformation of the largest resettlement project from the river bank area in secondary city of Surakarta, Indonesia. This research applies a case study method with quantitative and qualitative data from questionnaires and interviews. The data collection process is conducted through three stages, the interview to the government officials to understand the resettlement policy, followed by questionnaire to the resettled household, and the last stage is interview to the head of community of the resettlement area. The survey data is analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the interview with content analysis. The results demonstrate that a collaborative process plays a crucial role in the success of the resettlement project. Within nine years after the resettlement, the site has significantly transformed from a rural area lacking infrastructure and services to an urbanized area with a rapid intensity of economic activities. The collaborative process has eased the settlers’ adaptation since the beginning of resettlement and has led to improved livelihood assets such as land tenure, housing, and urban infrastructure as well as social assets. This also initiates opportunities for future development of the area.

This study examines the causal effect of the Sei Mangkei Special Economic Zone (SEZ) on the economic growth of Simalungun Regency, North Sumatera using the Synthetic Control Method (SCM). This study uses macro data at the district/city level in Indonesia. The counterfactual in this study was built using a synthetic control unit derived from data from 290 regencies/cities in Indonesia from 2006 to 2020. The results of the analysis conclude that the existence of the Sei Mangkei SEZ has not yet had an economic impact on the economic growth of Simalungun Regency. This finding contrasts with most previous studies which have found that SEZs positively impact the economic growth of the host region. The Sei Mangkei SEZ has not yet had an impact because currently, the utilisation of land and the search for new business actors who are expected to invest in the Sei Mangkei SEZ are still below the target.

This study aims to analyse Indonesian housing policies and practices at the local level, focusing on the Metropolitan Area of West Java, Indonesia. Secondary data was obtained from current Indonesian basic regulations in Housing Affairs and Regional Administration Laws, while primary data was collected from interviews with bureaucratic actors from central, provincial, and city/regency governments. Data is processed through qualitative content analysis. The discussion of housing provision for low-income communities refers to self-help and public housing modes. The result shows that the local government's role in self-help housing provision is mostly in supporting quality improvement, which is less effective since the quality was not well-maintained. Local government also has limited authority in public housing provision, raising policy debates and polemics on its field implementation. This study recommends a housing delivery system instead of divisions in authorities. The governments can develop various public-private partnership schemes to support public housing provision. In addition, a clear vertical housing career path is essential to encourage low-income people's acceptance of urban vertical living.

What are the impacts of the sacred and spirituality on the architectural design of the Zawiyas? Raised under the influence of Sufism, the zawiya is adopted by brotherhoods at the beginning of their propagation on the lands, in order to honour the memory of a patron saint and preserve the Muslim worship. Considered as a religious institution dedicated to Koranic education and affiliated with a brotherhood, which it is often named after, the Zawiya is frequently designed with reference to the spiritual foundations that it is meant to represent. Today, with the embracing of new socio-cultural and ideological references and the various economic mutations due to state intervention, the zawiyas have lost much of their previously enjoyed notoriety and religious power. Yet, some zawiyas of south-western Algeria have kept some prominence and are still vectors of social practices connected with religious education, despite the ruin-form condition of the ksour. Our hypothesis is that the architectural design of the buildings that make up the Zawiya was not only the product of technical or rational knowledge. We think that the designers would have used a know-how that was devoted to the sacred, to spirituality and Islamic Sufism. In order to verify the validity of our theory, we conducted our study in the zawiya Ziyania in Kenadsa. The analysis process draws mainly on the method of in-situ observation as an important tool to collect the crucial data relevant to the morphological study to find out how this spirituality shaped the material construction of its different buildings.

This empirical study identifies the characteristics and roles that regulate the collaborative policy network for handling the urban slum settlements in Pekanbaru. The method used in this study is quantitative methods through semi-structured surveys. Questionnaires were utilised to produce the indicators related to the structure of relationships and roles between the leading figures that were graphically depicted through social network analysis and have been confirmed in every stage of the program through centrality analysis. The results indicate that the collaborative policy network on handling the urban slum settlements leads to the formation of public and community figures. The number of figures is relatively stable, and the pattern of relationships among the figures shows the complex dynamics. However, along the progressed program, the distance and density of relationships among the figures at each stage keep decreasing. Receiving and mediating information and resources is centralised to local government. Local government emerged as a community figure that plays an essential role in the network. It indicates the importance of equal distribution of resources and information to maintain the stability of relations and distances among public figures.

The Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused societal changes, including in terms of work from home (WFH). Since January 2020 in Thailand, several companies have shifted from office workplaces to full-scale or temporary WFH for white-collar employees who achieve professional tasks remotely. Insofar as worker time spent indoors has increased, what is the overall residential satisfaction under WFH during the COVID-19 pandemic? The objective of this research was to investigate overall residential satisfaction predictors for housing, neighborhood, and relevant variables of WFH characteristics pertinent to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected by online and onsite questionnaires from 293 respondents, all white-collar employees who inhabit landed houses. This study is analyzed with multiple linear regression and mean comparison with independent-samples t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results predicting overall residential satisfaction comprised eight vital predictors: 1) neighborhood appearance; 2) house size; 3) ventilation; 4) privacy; 5) comfort without air conditioning; 6) distance from healthcare centers; 7) domestic design, and 8) neighborhood cleanliness, at a significance level of p<0.05. Higher overall residential satisfaction levels were observed to be significant in terms of inhabiting a housing estate & single-detached house, number of WFH days, private workroom, house size, and newness of house.

The abundance of diverse and varied tourism economic impact studies can be overwhelming for new researchers in this field. The extensive and heterogeneous nature of these studies often creates confusion regarding the specific study topic, the relevant location, and the appropriate assessment models to employ. This paper employs the systematic literature method, co-occurrence network analysis of author keywords, and crosstable analysis to review 70 articles in the Scopus database from 1988 to April 2021. The result shows that tourism economic impact assessment topics can be grouped into tourism demand and factors affecting tourism demand. Locations of studies consist of nations, regions, cities, towns, and communities. Primary assessment models are Input-Output, CGE, TSA, and SAM; the CGE model and SAM have been applied in nations and regions; TSA has been applied to nations. The Input-Output model can be effectively utilised at different levels, including national, regional, and local scales, encompassing countries, regions, and towns. This study offers a comprehensive panorama of study topics, locations, and appropriate measurement models for economic impact assessment, enabling scholars to delve into further research with a clear understanding and direction.

Abstract Urban development in recent decades in Iran has been associated with many damages challenges The city of Kermanshah as a metropolis has not been exempted from this rule Therefore this research has sought to examine the strengths weaknesses of urban development in the city of Kermanshah in Iran The research method is descriptive analytical and has been done with a questionnaire The software used was Excel The statistical population consisted of urban elites university professors and social activists which consisted of 100 people The sampling method was using snowball sampling The findings show that urban development has faced challenges in all economic social environmental dimensions The physical expansion of the city the high economic social poverty of the native people have been among the problems of the urban development of Kermanshah in recent decades However the development of tourism the reduction of urban violence along with the increase of cultural activities are useful solutions for the optimal management of urban development Concerns such as immigration conflicts high cultural ethnic diversity cause challenges for urban development

Despite the potential public health risks of coronavirus disease, vulnerable populations may be at a greater risk than others owing to their occupational, social, economic, and living conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the experiences of senior managers on how local government procedures prevent COVID-19 from spreading within the group in Tehran's municipality. This is descriptive qualitative research. Data were collected through in-depth face-to-face semi-structured interviews, between October to January 2021. Accordingly, twenty-four senior managers with experience in urban planning and disaster were purposively enrolled. A manual qualitative content analytical approach was used to identify and classify codes. According to the results, a total of 15 sub-themes under six main themes were obtained. They included dealing with (1) Getting behind in basic needs, (2) A Thin-Skinned Vaccination Campaign, (3) Health Service Provision, (4) Performance Assessment, (5) Developing Infrastructure and (6) lighting a Candle for Future Pandemics. This study used senior managers' experiences to reveal the necessity of developing a vulnerable protection plan and allocating funds away from the bureaucracy as an efficient management tool for policymakers to prepare inclusive policies before emergencies and act through during disasters.