"No-net-loss", the goal of the mitigation programs in the US, means to maintain environmental qualities as they are initially in good conditions. This concept itself does not help to create an ideal environment, which implies wise utilization of coastal resources. It has been considered in Japan that "mitigation" can be more creative activities not only to rehabilitate damaged environment but also to construct better environment. It is necessary to establish an idea or image of "ideal environment" as a goal of planning, impact assessment and technology development. This concept should reflect basic functions of the sea and their utilization. Basic functions of the sea will be defined as biological production, water purification and offering amenity to human being; and all these functions are maintained by material circulation. Therefore, if material circulation in the sea is smooth and adequate, the state can be defined as "ideal environment" in which the sea functions are conserved. Smooth material circulation is considered to mean that the interrelations between producer and consumer/decomposer are kept steady, and that nutrients contents ratio is adequate. To realize the smooth material circulation should be a goal for coastal environmental management plans; and development of technologies to balance organic production and consumption will be required to enhance them.

In the development of coastal zone, it will be necessary to introduce mitigation projects from the pollution problems and the global-scale deal with environmental problems point of view. In the case of mitigation projects, it is indispensable for consider symbiosis of nature and human in order to grasp of both quantity and quality on environmental value.

The purpose of this study is to suggest 3 Axis Estimation Method for grasp environmental value of benthos habitats, and to examine this method about the usefulness. 3 Axis Estimation Method has preconditions,

1) it is more easily to use public data as possible.

2) it is due to basic statistics quantity of water quality or benthos.

We have succeeded in dividing a new estimation method which can express the variation of biological environmental value using 3 Axis Estimation. And we could confirm the usefulness of estimation method using multiple regression analysis in Tokyo Bay.

Overdevelopments have deteriorated the coastal environments around the world, and the coastal zone in Japan is no exemption. Some countries have been practiced some coastal management policies because of these problems and an understanding of the interdependence of land and sea. In Japan, we do not have any policies for the coastal environmental management which is to establish an integrated land-sea environment.

This study conducted a questionnaire survey for the coastal municipalities, on the consideration of coastal sea environment and marine organisms, and found subjects about Japanese coastal environment management toward the sustainable development.

In our country, it is desirable to be created a model leads to the world, trying to solve the problem pointed in this study and establishing such management system.

The geographical characteristics of Japan make its coastal areas important in land planning policy. Especially in urban coastal areas, there always occur conflicts between many different usages at high tense. It has been persuasively argued that such conflicts are ultimately to be solved by grand policy of coastal zone management. Even so, however, compromises between fishery usages and others are inevitable, complicated and often burdensome, owing to fishery right and compensation for fishery damage.

In this study, we first argue that compensation should be executed on ex post fact basis, that is, the amount of compensation should be determined on the based of the actual losses. To the end, "Fishery Compensation Fund" is proposed as an alternative to the existing compensatory system. Secondly, taking environmental changes upon fishery into account, we point out that the fishery right now in effect is hindrance not merely to development, but also to encouraging farming fishes and shells and managed fishery. We propose, therefore, that the sphere of the fishery right should be decreased, but its contents should be strengthened.

A questionnaire was set out for a survey to know the fishermen's understanding of the importance of coastal wetland environments (tidal flat, seaweed bed, sandy shore, river, forest) to 99 fisheries cooperative associations in Yamaguchi Prefecture from October I 995 to January I 996. The questionnaire consisted of 89 questions and the recovery rate was 73.7%.

The results indicate that the tidal flat and seaweed bed mainly contribute to the improvement in biotic environment, whereas the river and forest mainly contribute to the improvement in abiotic environment. Only sandy shore might be contributed to both biotic and abiotic environments. The fishermen understand the importance of the coastal wetland environments to the coastal fishery production in general. Especially, it is worth mentioning that they recognize the importance of those environments like forests and sandy shores. Furthermore, many fishermen consider the importance of the self-purificatory effects of the wetland environments on the conservation of coastal fishing grounds and the restoration or reconstruction of the coastal wetland environments is the most effective improvement technique.

In order to sustain the high coastal fishery production, the reinforcement of the functions of the self-purification and nursery of the wetland environments will be required. It will, therefore, be necessary to promote further comprehensive studies on the forest and sandy shore and the overall wetland conservation from terrestrial to aquatic environments.

There are remarkable urban waterfront developments which were planned or designed during the 1980's and opened before or after 1990 in Japan. These representative projects are Kushiro Fisherman's Wharf, Kasai Marine Park, Yokohama M.M.21, Nagoya Garden Pier, Tempouzan Redevelopment Area and the like. However, we have not enough information about the development pattern and the actual conditions of visitors in these development areas. Therefore, the objective of this study is to classify the development pattern and to clarify the visitors' character such as age, occupation, the number of visits and so on by investigating the popular 17 urban waterfront development areas in Japan.

As a result, 17 urban waterfront development areas are classified into four types by applying the Theory of Quantification III Classification. And, it is to make clear the visitors'character by guestionnairing to the visitors in the above waterfront development areas.

Creating a concept of beach use planning is something of an art. A difficulty exists in evaluating the atmosphere and physical characteristics of beach for activities. Under this background, we proposed a model of users'evaluation structure which tells us the level of beach potential for recreational use characterized by physical conditions of the beach. This model, however, cannot deal with other important factors including geographical and social conditions surrounding the beach use.

This paper aims to develop a planning method for selecting development site, major user group, and major activity type in recreational beach use. This method takes into consideration not only the physical characteristics of beach but also the surrounding social and geographical conditions and the level of service of the facilities supporting the beach use. An illustrative example demonstrates the usefulness of proposed method.

Local residents'concerns about the new road across Tokyo Bay are discussed in this paper. In this aim, we carried out a questionnaire survey based on a free association method in four areas around the bay. In the test, respondents were asked to write down freely what they associated with the new road. Cluster analysis is applied to the set of words each of which was written by more than five percent ofrespondents who gave valid answer in each survey area. Examining the meaning of the words which belong to each word cluster gives respondents' concerns about the new road.

Typical concerns in the four areas are the expensiveness of the toll , the pollution of the sea area, various problems caused by traffic growth, the relation between the development work and prosperity , expected convenience, and the connection between areas located on the opposite sides of Tokyo Bay. The structure of the dendrogram based on which the word groups are formed reveals the relation between different concerns. In one survey area in Kawasaki City, investigating the dendrogram shows that various traffic problems are closely related to traffic convenience in the association of respondents. Further, the cognitive structure related to the primal industry is found in another survey area facing Tokyo Bay in Kisarazu City.

In Hanshin-Awaji area, many roads suffered serious damage caused by the earthquake in 1995, and the road restoration took more than a year. Obviously great economic losses were inflicted to the industrial activities of the affected area if the restoration of quake damaged roads takes a long time. This effect companies operations and in resuming their activities, they tend to minimize their economic losses by changing from truck to other modes such as cargo vessels. However, in the present port plan, this shift of cargo is not possible since the earthquake resistant berths are planned mainly for emergency goods. As such, identifying alternative cargo routes need to be considered. This paper proposes an estimation method of economic losses due to port and road damaged by earthquake, and applies this method to Sendai Metropolitan Area.

In recent years,particularly in Asian countries,the amount of international seaborne trade of containerized cargo has been increasing rapidly because of the economic growth. The container transportation plays an important role in international trade.

Now, the condition of the transportation has been changing rapidly. To carry containers more efficiently in the trunk route between Far East Asia and North America / Europe, the shipping companies have been operating larger container ships than ever,and tend to restrict the number of ports to be called at.

In this paper, we analyze container ship activities on ship calling between Far East Asia and West Coast of North America, considering feeder service in the Far East Asia region. And we established a model to describe the activities of container ship calling at ports in the route.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the role of seaweed in purification of water quality in inner bay through laboratory experiments. The results indicated that Sargassum horneri played an important role in removal of nutrients. It was also found that S.horneri restrains increase of phytoplankton by its allelopathy. Furthermore, mass balance model was established to explain purification of water quality in Matsushima Bay, the results showed that about 70% of the laading from outside of the bay was taken in a seaweed body in May, and the seaweed had influence on increase of phytoplankton. lt was also calculated that water quality in the bay showed twice of present value, if seaweed was lost completely in May. The multiplication of the phytoplankton was caused by releasing the nutrients accumulated in the seaweed body in July, and it was calculated that about 70% of seaweed flowed out into the outside of the bay as a floating seaweed.

An ecological model that uses a simulated tidal flat to determine the role of tidal flats in water purification. The model was able to accurately simulate tidal changes and seasonal variations in water quality. Using this model, the following results were obtained: Removal of organic sediment is not a long-term solution to water purification as this organic matter reaccumulates over time. Furthermore, water purification is strongly influenced by the shape of the tidal flat, such that an increase in the tidal flat area accompanied by a decrease in slope improved the purification efficiency. This improvement was due to the growth of benthic algae which suppressed the growth of phytoplankton and led to increased degradation of organic matter. Moreover, the increased ratio of tidal flat area to water volume improved purification efficiency due to increased purification of organic matter by the benthos. This degree of purification was maintained even when the inflow volume was decreased. However, the improved purification efficiency appears to plateau beyond the appropriate tidal flat area to water volume ratio. An increase in the number of filter feeding benthos led to an increased accumulation of organic matter in the sediment, despite the decrease in phytoplankton. However, removal of the organic matter improved the purification efficiency with greater efficacy under these conditions.

Thus, the introduction of benthos to tidal flats and improved purification capacity in the sediment by changing the structure of the tidal flat may lead to improved water quality in these regions.

The foulings by marine organisms of structural plates exposed to seawater was studied. The structural plates made of concrete and of PVC were placed in the waters of Shimizu Port. The specimen were collected once every month and were subjected to microscopic obseivation. The sessile organisms were identified and evaluated. It was found that the surface roughness of the plates and the circulation of seawater around them have significant influence on the quantity and diversity of sessile organisms on the specimen.

The characteristics and cause of the recent shoreline change on Kashimanada Coast, Japan, are investigated based on a comparison of long- and short-term trends. The long-term distribution of the longshore sediment transport rate is obtained by the analyses of the topographical maps. It corresponds considerably to that of the sediment transport potential derived from the calculated wave field. Recent distribution is calculated using the data of topographic surveys carried out from 1984 to 1993. The comparison of the two distributions shows a drastic change in the longshore sediment transport, which is attributed to the constructions of the large scale port structures on the coast.

Large deltas in China are the centers of economic growth with high population. Since these deltas would be threatened by sea-level rise and the decrease in sediment supply due to dam construction and afforestation in the hinterlands, it is needed to predict the future changes in the topography of the delta. For the Yellow River, satellite remote sensing data revealed the history of the delta development, which can be used for calibrating predictive models. With such backgrounds, a numerical simulation model was developed for the topographic change of the delta, which consists of submodels for the river flow, nearshore flow, sediment transport including bed and wash loads, and bottom topographic change. This model reproduced the basic features, such as the formation of delta at river mouth and leaning of the delta toward the downstream direction of the nearshore current, in a quantitative manner. Further Studies are required to establish a sediment transport model applicable even for the flood duration, and to incorporate nearshore sediment transport into the present model.

This research has been done as one of the joint research between Toyo University, JAPAN and Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember, INDONESIA. The hydraulics and remote sensing team from both universities focussed on the change of shoreline near the mouth of Surabaya River and Land utilization. Surabaya River flows through the southern part of Surabaya City, East Java, Indonesia. The original river named Brantas, which diverges to Porong River and Surabaya River near Mojokerto. The object of this research is to continuous monitoring of environment in Surabaya delta.

In this paper, author describes the change of deposit area near Surabaya river mouth and land utilization using SPOT satellite multispectral data in 1981 and 1989. Data in 1981 digitize a photograph with a scanner, and data in 1989 are original CCT digital data. Unsupervised classification method is used to image analysis. The change of shoreline is very quick and land area increased rapidly. These phenomena make environment problem for many locations beside this river. Continuous monitoring by satellite multispectral data is effective for environmental safeguard.

In addition to chloride ion concentration and its distribution, compressive strength, and secondary products formed by chemical reaction between the component of sea water and constituent of hydrated cement were examined to evaluate the durability of concrete exposed to marine environment for 30 years. The propriety of evaluation and effectiveness of analytical methods are also discussed. It could be confirmed from this study that physico-chemical results corresponded with the deterioration degree of concrete observed within a girder.

Briti sh Columbia is the coastal province on the pacific Ocean where encompasses about 27,000 km of deeply incised picturesque coastline as well as 6,500 coastal islands. This particular area contents abundant bio-resources and natural environment. Following the concentration of population and the economic development in the coastal zone, environmental issues have been consequently occurred. Especially, in large estuaries, many natural habitats have been dramatically impacted or lost. So that many environmental countermeasures and approaches have been positively implemented toward the environmental restoration .

In this paper, we report the summary of the Coastal Environment Management Policy, some restoration projects , and Fraser River Estuary Management Program (FREMP) in British Columbia, also we state that we must be taking in to the coastal zone in Japan leaming from practice efforts while putting together the research efforts of visiting British Columbia and existing literature.