In recent years there has been internationally as well as locally increased debate on coastal zone management issues. At the international level, following the 1992 Earth summit, where Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 declared the concept of 'integrated coastal management (ICM)' as a central concept in the management of coastal zones and oceans, the numbers of the guidelines for ICM programs have been developed by different organizations. At the local level, there have been among many developed countries great efforts to formulate, implement and continuously improve a coastal zone management program. This paper reviews progress of international movement toward further defining the concept of ICM and developing ICM guidelines, and presents results of an extensive literature review to examine characteristics that underlie the CZM plans and strategies in six nations, the US, the UK, the Netherlands, France, Australia and Japan. With particular emphasis on shoreline management, the aim is to identify the commonalties and differences in the management arrangements as well as some of the trends in administrative responses by analyzing historical circumstances and settings, legislation, institutional arrangements, and administrative structures.

Against remote island that, at present, holds many problems, I expanded the risk, risk management that considers remote island environment as a hazard for a population decrease. As the result, were able to evaluate what the center of a risk from a large-isolated-type island shifts to a mainland-near contacting-type island. For the next, Result to examine a coping with plan against problems, from a character in question, actual human movement quantity for an area, population decrease rate, we classified it four types for a mainland interval-bridge type, an immigration-propulsive type, an island- inside-completion type, a conventional preparation type, evaluated it direction of a preparation.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sustainable development in a coastal zone in Tokushima using a method of System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA version Ⅳ.2). The gross product of the coastal zone was twice that of in the inland area and the rate of imputed emission cost was 64 % of that for Tokushima prefecture. Although imputed emission costs in the coastal zone have been decreasing from 1985 to 1990, imputed cost in 1990 was 8.9 %. This is four times of the national average. Development in a coastal zone was evaluated and the results show a distinct lack of dealing with resultant environmenttal problems effectively.

It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate the use of coastal zone from the water quality and living thing at the Minute Bay Area.

The result of this study is summarized as follows:

1. At the Minute Bay Area, we make use of the living environment and coastal zone area multiple.

2. As for the Minute Bay Area, water quality is good and precious fish also inhabit. So it is excellent living environment at there.

3. Altogether 「multipurpose utilization type 」and 「mainly recreation type」 have made the best environment.

4. As the ratio of the sandy beach decrease, water quality and living things become bad. In short, the nature of coastline influence the living environment.

In the Kobe Earthquake in January 1995, restoration work and support activities mainly done through road transport were in a state of chaos. However, support activities done through sea transport were comparatively effective. Therefore, the idea of a movable floating base, which has easy access from the sea to the calamity area and can perform disaster measures effectively, is proposed.

This facility is moored during normal days at an urban coastal area, and can be utilized as a parking facility as well as a marine park. Soon after earthquakes, the base will be towed towards the calamity area, and unloading of goods and emergency materials by ship on the base will be transported to the affected calamity areas. Emergency heliport, an information center, etc. are also provided.

The Seto Inland Sea area holds more than 30% of Japan's national industrial production. The area was also once well known as a scenic coastal area because of its calm weather and waves. However, the natural environment in the coastal zone has been seriously altered since Japan's high economic growth period because of industrial development and residential use. This study focuses on the alteration of the natural coast in the Seto Inland Sea area. Mechanisms of modification of the natural environment are investigated. The results indicate that the natural coast in the area has been seriously altered in the 1960's and is still suffering ongoing developments. It is also suggested that the decrease in natural coast occurred firstly in the areas needing protection as designated by the Ministry of Construction. Furthermore, landfills have been putting additional pressure on these modified coastlines as they appear to be easier to implement in previously modified areas.

Coral reefs have rich biodiversity and high productivity. Its environment, however, has continued to deteriorate owing to the inappropriate use of natural resources, inappropriate spatial use, inappropriate land use and others. In this paper, the interrelationship between the social system and the coral reef environment is analyzed from the viewpoint of inappropriate use of natural resources for Bangladesh, Maldives, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Various tools were used including data collection, field surveys and interview surveys. Major factors for the destruction of coral reef environment are destructive fishing methods, such as dynamite and cyanide fishing, collection of aquarium fishes, ornamental shells and corals, and coral sand mining. Outside economic pressure highly affects the relationship between the coral reef environment and nearby communities that depend on the coral reef for their livelihood, as shown in the following cycle: 1) overuse of natural resources and changes in the natural condition of coral reef community degrade the coral reef environment; 2) additional and changed use of natural resources causes deterioration of environmental quality and depletion of natural resources ; 3) deterioration of the environment affects the production of natural resources-based industries, causing more pressure on the environment.

Development of oil and natural gas deposits off Sakhalin's northern coast in the Sea of Okhotsk are currently under way. An accident involving a spill of crude oil or other effluents during the current development of the oil and natural gas deposits off the eastern coast of northern Sakhalin could be expected to affect the environment and economy of the Hokkaido's Okhotsk Sea and Pacific Ocean coast.

Oil spilled in cold waters such as the Sea of Okhotsk behaves differently from that spilled in normal temperature waters. Oil spilled in the former, beneath the ice sheet, is thought not to degrade because even high waves are rendered to long waves with small amplitude. Also, such oil is said to be very unlikely to volatilize, alternate, or biodegrade because of its location beneath the ice sheet. As a result, cold waters would be subjected to the effects of toxic, volatile components of oil. In addition, seawater beneath an oil layer trapped under an ice sheet may freeze, sandwiching the oil between an upper and lower ice. Thus, it is important to develop methods which enable quick rec9very of spilled oil, so as to minimize damage.

This paper describes the changing process of crude oil (density, viscosity and volatilization rate) and a newly developed recovery method for spilled oil under the ice sheet through systematic experiment.

Sun glitter is the reflection of the setting sun on the surface of the sea. Sun glitter covers a wide area of the sea while the sun is high, but narrows to a single golden bar as the sun sets. The reflection is constantly scattered and refracted by the waves, producing an exceptionally attractive pattern that should be considered a major scenic resource.

This research examines the physical characteristics of sun glitter, and demonstrated that sun glitter exerts a powerful emotional and physiological effect on humans. This research focuses on utilization of sun glitter as a scenic resource in design of coastal facilities. Field research was conducted along the Sea of Japan coast, where coastal architecture has been designed to take advantage of sun glitter, and comparisons were made with idealized images of sun glitter.

Provided assumption that sea-state conditions, weather-maps and wave-charts are closely related in time and space, sea-state conditions may be available without using results of the direct measurements of ocean waves. For this purpose, analysis using information by satellite remote-sensing, weather maps and wave charts are carried out. After the time and spetial correlation analyses, sea-state conditions will be able to be understood/predicted from the analyzed results of cloud system through the relations with weather maps.

As the first step, this paper introduces a method for analyzing information from satellite remote-sensing. Using remotely sensed visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) images from "GMS" (Geostationaly Meteorological Satellite), cloud-systems are extracted. Considering that two main cloud-systems, the Stratus (St) and Cumulus (Cu), are closely related to the height, thickness, edge-slope and complexity of cloud-system, they develop a method to discriminate these two cloud-systems.

The area of cloud-system is obtained by determining threshold brightness temperature using VIS and IR images. They show that the proposed method is quite useful to discriminate cloud-systems, because that it can indicate the possibility of Stratus and Cumulus for each cloud-system.

This research has been done as one of the joint research between Toyo University, JAPAN and Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember, INDONESIA. The hydraulics and remote sensing team from both universities focussed on the change of shoreline near the mouth of Surabaya River and Land utilization.

In this paper, the flow tendency in the Madura Strait that the Surabaya River pours is analyzed from the tide tables data and the satellite images. Rapid progress of the coastline in the vicinity of the Surabaya River mouth is thought to be caused by the movement and subsidence of the floatage earth and sand by the tendency.

SPOT satellite data in 1981 and 1989, LANDSAT satellite data in 1985 and 1994, MOS satellite data in 1988 and 1991 and RADARSAT satellite data in 1997 are used.

In recent years destruction of the ozone layer by CFC has resulted In Increasing levels of ultraviolet radiation, which causes serious damage to both humans and structures. To determine the potential damage from UV radiation to a coastal structure it is first necessary to evaluate the degree to which the construction materials reflect or pass the radiation. This research evaluated typical materials used In coastal architecture. Unfortunately, once In place, coastal structures are exposed to severe environmental factors such as strong winds and salt spray, Weathering of the surface could effect the materials ability to reflect or pass UV radiation. Future tests should thus be designed so that materials are evaluated after being exposed to a sufficient period of weathering.

The ratio of artificial to natural coast is considered to be an important index for the study of coastal zone management from an environmental point of view. The length of natural coast can be used as an index showing the destruction of natural environment in the coastal zone as well. The author suggests the usefulness of indices derived from national coastal statistical data published every year by the Ministry of Construction. Toe ratio and length of artificial coastlines in areas to be protected (as specified by the Coastal Protection Law) and in other areas are presented in this study. These indices are good indicators of the differences in artificial modifications among regions in Japan. It is apparent that the statistics can be used as a robust tool for monitoring modification of natural coast. However, the lack of digital statistical data hinders the analysis. Further development of the database is strongly recommended.

To promote seaweed and phytoplankton propagation, a new glass material named Ionculture was developed. Ionculture supplies minerals such as phosphorus, silicon, iron, and other trace elements into the sea slowly.

As a substrata for seaweed, mortar plates with exposed glass granules, "Ionculture plates", were experimentally used. The iron (Fe²⁺) dissolved out of the glass materials on the plates and helped seaweed to grow. The individual number and standing crops of seaweed on these plates were I to 2 times higher than with the blank plates. In particular, in the early stage of growing seaweed, it was obvious that the glass had a beneficial effect on growth.

Another application of the glass materials is the potential as a seawater quality controller. The death of oysters and pearl oysters occur every summer to autumn due to red tide; Hetrocapsa sp., and infection. During this season, there is a scarcity of phytoplankton.such as diatoms, the essential food for bivalves. Due to the lack of silicon in the seawater, red tide plankton such as Dinophyceae appear in abundance instead of the diatoms. The possibility of using Ionculture as a silicon supplier is discussed herein.