The questionnaire survey was carried out to clarify characteristics of the coastal soundscape in four coastal areas and an urban district in Tokushima. Soundscape characteristics depend on culture, land use, social and the natural environment. The sound amenity was evaluated higher by the residents in the urban district more than in the coastal area. The reason could be explained as follows; In the case of "water wave sound", though the former imagined only a simple sentimental scene from "water wave sound" because of little experience of hearing the sound on the coast, the latter who knew several kinds of sound under various weather conditions and seasons could feel not only a sentimental scene but also fear. The amenity of "Water wave sound ", "Whistle", "Bird's singi s singing " and "Sound of marine festival with Shinto rite s" in various coastal areas were evaluated especially highly by both residents. It is necessary to maintain and preserve a natural environment and cultural activities that are source s of the comfortable sound in order to create a region with a desirable soundscape.

On 2nd January 1997, the Russian tanker NAKHODKA, weighing 13,157 tons sank off Oki Island in the Japan Sea reportedly causing an oil spill of 6,240kt. A large amount of spilled oil drifted into winter weather; consequently, vast amounts of this heavily emulsified oil washed up on shorelines. At this time, Japanese Government and the government agencies confused from an unprecedented experience and were not able to function originally by the coastal zone management system. The purpose of this research is to assume NAKHODKA Oil Spill to be a case, to analysis the problem of the coastal zone management system, and to construct a more effective management system. As a result of the analysis, the coastal zone management system is improved by the disaster information concerning unified management and sharing. Next, the govemment and govemment agencies are to give an overall role for environmental planning by institution. Moreover, the local govemment is to give the role of immediate work and managements. Finally, the political decision making will be improved by the decision making system from a volunteer, the local community, NGO's and NPO.

Regarding highly decorative facilities and space seen in waterfront development, no clarification has been made as to what influence (natural perils) they receive from the rigorous natural environment of the waterfront.

As a result of actual-state examination of five waterfront development cases in this study, it has become clear that natural perils experienced in waterfront development can be classified into four categories, including injury from salt and high tide. Further, their characteristics are investigated, and four loss-prevention measures are proposed.

In this research, "Environmental PFI" ; i.e :, PFI incorporated in the environmental undertakings implemented in coastal areas, is being proposed. The purpose of this research is to clarify possibilities of "Environmental PFI" introduction, based on the views of local governing bodies. To attain this purpose, we implemented a mail questionnaire survey on governments of 49 Prefectures and Cabinet-order-specified cities, located along seacoasts of this country, regarding important requirements for "Envirorunental PFI." As a result, it was learned that local governments envision more than a few possibilities for the introduction of "Envirorunental PFI."

This research was designed to grasp the environmental administration and conservation activities currently implemented by various Ministries and Government agencies. In the course of research, we extracted maritime environment activities, set forth in all of the recent white papers issued by the Ministries and Government agencies. Data related to these activities were collected, and the sea area, maritime effects, characteristics of the sea, and their relations were clarified.

As a result, it tumed out that "coastal sea areas" are the principal sea areas, and that "nature purification" and "diversification of creatures" are the sea functions given the greatest expectations. Further, "waves" and "sea currents" were learned to be receiving the greatest attention. These characteristics found are utilized most frequently and prominently in the works of the sea, such as "nature purification" and "diversification of creatures.".

The environmental value consists of use value, option value, vicarious value, bequest value, existence value and ecosystem value. This study tries to measure each value of environmental resources of Ise Bay simultaneously by the conjoint analysis. The results indicate that total value of lse Bay is 1,114.8 billion yen, where use value, option value, vicarious value, bequest value, existence value and ecosystem value are 132.6, 249.8, 68.4, 281.5, 185.3 and 197.2 billion yen, respectively. And that valuation by people in coastal area is greater than valuation by people in inland area, man is greater than woman, old people is greater than young-middle people, and high income people is greater than low middle income people.

The effect of the construction of a large-scale marine structure in Osaka bay is evaluated using Landsat TM data. Sea surface temperature and chlorophyll before and after building the Kansai international airport are made from the satellite image. Since the conventional formula underestimates the concentration of chlorophyll in this area, we derive a new formula. The flow stagnation around the airport, clockwise stream in the bay, a large plume in the western area is observed.

In general, human psychological responses to low frequency regular waves are known to depend upon wave acceleration properties. But the dependency of the responses to irregular waves, like practical ocean waves, are not clear. The purpose of this paper is to assess psychological responses to irregular waves by comparing with the responses to regular waves. We caｒｒied out a motion simulator test and considered the psychological responses using the Semantic Differential Method.

The factors of the human psychological responses, especially, the dependency upon the Acceleration Effective Value are discussed, and a predict ion meth'od of the human psychological responses in the irregular wave motions is proposed.

This paper deals with environmental sound of coastal area. Currently, authors are attempting to evaluate coastal area from the view point of wave sound producing from wave break. Recently, in the area of music, it is reported that ultrasonic wave property including ordinal sound affects human brain. Generally, sound can be express by frequency band width and is divided into audible sound (18 Hz to 20 kHz) and inaudible sound (over 20 kHz).

In this paper, in order to examine the effects of ultra -sonic wave to human brain, brain wave behavior by use of ultra-sonic wave in the coastal area, as a sound stimulus , was conducted exposing to subjects. As the results, it was observed that brain wave in Alpha band width of 70 % of subject showed positive. On the other hand, in case of superimposed type of ultra-sonic wave, brain wave of 60 % of subjects were vitalized. This results indicate that in the future, it will be possible to establish new coastal evaluation scale using wave sounds.

Scuba diving is one of the major marine and coastal recreational activities and there are approximately 800,000 divers in Japan. The diving related industry alone creates 8.6 billion yen in production per year. Coral reefs in Okinawa Island alone attract more than 300,000 scuba divers every year because the island is one of the few places located in the subtropical-zone in Japan. On the other hand, damage caused by diving activity such as trampling on and breaking corals has been acknowledged. This destruction can add more impact to already damaged corals by coastal developments and other uses. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the disturbance by scuba divers at popular diving sites in Okinawa to identify the degree of disturbance through under water investigation. The result showed that there was a significant difference in the amount of disturbance between experienced and inexperienced divers. Furthermore, the amount of disturbance by the divers with cameras was higher than that of without cameras. Conclusions obtained from this study include suggestion s regarding effective measures to decrease the chance of disturbance by divers.

The purpose of this research is to develop a predictive model for pedestrian behavior when walking upon moving structures such as floating piers. This method is based on traditional methods used for stationary structures with the addition of dynamic moving factor. The computer simulation method is described. Then, the simulation on the PUKARI pier, which is floating pier in Yokohama city, is performed.

The model predicts that congestions can occur because of physical barriers obstacle as well as dynamic effects especially the frequency of wave motion beneath the pier.

Exchange of sea water through the mouth of an enclosed bay is essential for water quality and substance circulation in coastal zone. For the purpose of estimating the current state of water exchange, box models have been mainly used. However, in order to investigate the mechanism of water exchange or to predict the future state, numerical simulations are necessary which can consider physical processes occurred in the interested area. In this paper, a multilevel model is employed for the evaluation of water exchange in Tokyo Bay. At first, water exchange due to the estuarine circulation in winter and summer was calculated and the results of numerical simulations showed same tendency as the estimation by the box model. Using the same model, the relationship between the river discharge and the estuarine circulation were investigated. Next, the numerical model was applied to the estimation of water exchange when some typhoons with strong wind and large amount of rainfall pass near Tokyo Bay. It was found that the water exchange ratio during such eventual phenomena as typhoon attacks can be several times as large as that in the normal condition.

Ship waves in shallow water are greatly different from those in deep water. In the present paper, the numerical method of ship waves by Tanimoto et al. was applied to shallow open water in order to investigate the following points: 1) change of the patteｒｎ and the maximum wave height of ship waves in open water by water depth, 2) effect of the reflection from a vertical wall on ship waves, 3) propagation and transformation of ship waves on a coast with straight, parallel depth contours.

The change of wave patteｒｎ by water depth is similar to the one shown by Havelock . When the ship speed is critical or super-critical, however, bow waves ahead of the ship are split to several isolated waves as they propagate. The reflection at the vertical wall makes Mach-stem. Transformations due to shoaling and refraction occur when ship waves propagate on the sloping coast. The time profile of ship waves at very shallow water shows a leading long wave group and following short wave group as Kirkegaard et al. observed at Danish coast, when the ship speed is near-critical at the sailing depth.

This research investigates the recent chaotic situation of land use in Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and Osaka Bay area, which aims to seek for the solution of such a situation containing the unity of various individual land use: the unity of residence, commerce, industry，open space, facilities for public use, agriculture, and others including road, rail ways and so forth. The solution we have in mind is to rearrange and restructure the present land use in the way which the individual usage can be systematically organized to the extent that they are "Distance between Different Land Use Districts (DDLU)." The condition of DDLU and its basic character is manifested by numerical value. The DDLU were obtained and mapped on 100m X 100m grid s of the geographic information system (GIS). The result s show that the DDLU in the newer reclaimed areas near the coast is much higher than the older inland district. Suggestion s for improvements included control of the DDLU with hierarchy.

The canals in Tokyo port were formed since Edo era,and were used as small vessel passage routes and the canal banks functioned as small landing places. Recently,water pollution in the canals increased leading to both sides of canals,changing to become to unsuitable places for civil living environments. The process of improvement of the canal environment and the prosess of the formation of the waterfront recreational spaces in the Minato area were sutudied and summarized in three stages. The first stage was the purification of the canal water by dredging and sand covering. These were the fundamentals for the waterfront recreational spaces. The second stage was the period that the planning of the waterfront recreational places became possible by the reconstruction of the inner embankments. The third stage was the construction of the promenades along the canal s and the waterfront recreational spaces by the public works and the private developments.

On June 28, 2000, Maryland Governor Panis N. Glendening, three-term Chair of the Chesapeake Executive Council, along with state and federal representatives of neighboring watershed jurisdictions, signed the new Chesapeake 2000 Agreement which is divided into five sections that contain commitments to protect and restore water quality, living resources, and vital habitats, while also promoting sound land use, stewardship, and community involvement. Nicknamed "C2K" , the new Bay Agreement continues the cooperative approach from 1983 and the goals and due dates from 1987 as a foundation for new commitments. Those new commitments go further than those of the previous Agreements, setting new goals for the next decade. In addition, the Chesapeake 2000 Agreement has as a theme the concept of personal responsibility -the idea that individuals are responsible and can make a difference. The new Chesapeake Bay Agreement clearly puts the responsibility for a clean Bay and healthy tributaries on all citizens of the watershed.

This report introduces the outline of Chesapeake 2000 Agreement through the materials that EMECS Center obtain from Maryland and other resources.

Synopsis

Intensive investigations based on various suiveyors' reports are made on reductive efficiency of the amount of CO₂ discharge due to modal shift from trucks to coasters of domestic transport of seabome trade containers. As a result, it is made clear that the shift is efficient to the reduction not only of CO₂, discharge but also of the amount of fuel consumption and freight charges.