All isomers of tetra- and pentachloronaphthalenes were identified on selected ion monitoring chromatogram. For tetrachloronaphthalenes (TeCNs), sixteen isomers were synthesized individually and the other isomers were obtained as several groups of definite isomers. For pentachloronaphthalenes (PeCNs), byproducts in TeCN synthesis were used for identification. Specific isomers were synthesized from commercial reagents by simple methods. The isomer compositions of TeCN and PeCN in fly ash sample from a municipal waste incinerator were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using capillary columns as follows; OV-1701, OV-225B and SB-Smectic. The isomers which have two chlorine atoms on pen- positions (1, 8- or 4, 5-) are less abundant than the other isomers except for 1, 3, 5, 7-TeCN in most cases. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7-PeCN isomer, which is related to strongly bioaccumulating 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7-hexachloronaphthalene, was the most abundant among pentachloronaphthalenes in this sample. The isomer composition was completely different from that in Halowax 1014, in which dominant isomers have chlorine atoms on 1- and 4- position.

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POE non-ionic surfacants were separeted by normal (nonreversed) -phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using ODS column and acetonitrile as the elutant. Polyethylene glycol alkyl ether (AE) and polyethylene glycol alkylphenyl ether (APE) were determined by HPLC with RI detector (below 100ppm) and UV detector (below 5ppm) .
Pin-point condensation technique using perfluorated polymer film on SUS mirror was applied to solvents elutcd from HPLC. Spectra of residua were measured by microscope/FTIR in the reflection mode. Inpurities ofacetonitrile were removed by ODS column which is located between pump and sample injection port. In this method, AE and APE in the concentrations below lppm could be measured.

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Distribution and levels of volatile organochlorines in the Yodo and the Yamatogawa river basins, the rivers in Osaka City and Osaka Bay in Japan were surveyed around 1990, and furthermore those results were compared with the previous study at the end of the 1970's before implementing any regulations. Around 1990, the levels of volatile organochlorines in the Yodo river basin were averaged as 0.36μg/l for chloroform (CF), 0.29μg/l for 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (MC), 0.08μg/l for carbon tetrachloride (CTC), 0.23μg/l for trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) . Especially, TCE was rarely detected downstream of the Yodo River. Their levels in the rivers of Osaka City, at places directly receiving discharges from human activities, were higher by one order of magnitude compared with those in the Yodo river basin. In the Yamatogawa river basin, the levels of TCE and PCE were one-third of those in the Yodo river basin. In Osaka Bay, the levels of CF and MC were half, and those of TCE and PCE were one-tenth of the Yodo river basin. It was clear that the levels of volatile organochlorines were falling as being remote from urban areas. The levels of TCE and PCE have drastically decreased during the past decade, but the others remained at the same levels. At the end of 1970's, the levels of each volatile organochlorines in the mainstreams have fluctuated due to discharges from sources with high levels of organochlorines scattered around the basin. In contrast, around 1990 their distribution was unified. It may be due to the decrease in polluted sources by legislation. The order of levels in Osaka Bay, except for CF, was followed by that of the annual productions of organochlorines in the years of surveillance. CTC was almost the same level regardless of the years and the areas. In the rivers of Osaka City, TCE and MC were loaded from the usage of degreasing and PCE was as a result of dry cleaning. CF was mainly originated from water chlorination such as disinfection of sewage treatment plants.

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Solid phase extraction was developed to determine Trichlorfon and Acephate in water. Trichlorfon was isolated on Sep-Pak plus PS-1 cartridge, then eluted with aceton. This aceton eluate was evaporated using centrifuge evaporator, then submitted directly to GC/ECD.
Acephate was isolated on Active carbon cartridge, then eluted with aceton. This eluate was evaporated to dryness. After dissolving the residue with aceton, the aceton solution was evaporated using centrifuge evaporator, then submitted directly to GC/MS systems.
The recoveries of Trichlorfon and Acephate for river water were 77.5% (relative standard deviation: 25%), 86.3% (relative standard deviation: 11%), respectively. In this method, the detection limit of both the compounds was 0.1μg/l.

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In order to remove pesticides from ground and surface waters, destructions of trace organophosphorus pesticides in water by ozonation, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and a combination of both techniques were investigated using a model system. Seven organophosphorus pesticides (Bensulide, Butamifos, Chlorpyrifos, EPN, Fenitrothion, Isofenphos and Trichlorfon) were examined at concentration of 4mg/L of each compound in water.
Ozonation (0.74 mg/L/h) of thiono type (P=S) pesticides in water was shown to convert rapidly into their oxygen analogs (P=O type) having higher cholinesterase inhibiting activity, and these P=O compounds formed were comparatively stable in the water. Treatment with UV irradiation of the pesticides in water was resulted in slowly cleavage of the phosphorothioate linkage, in some cases, to yield phenolic compounds and dialkyl thiophosphoric acids. Oxydation of the peseticides in water is significantly farster with ozone in combination with UV irradiation than UV irradiation or ozonation alone. For the pesticide decompositions, the process is over all first order in the compounds. With a continuously sparged stirred tank reactor, times for the elimination of 50% of the compounds were within 20 min.

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Perfluoroalkylamines were synthesized as Halon alternatives and their evaluations were accomplished in terms of the decomposition with hydroxyl radical and fire extinguishing ability. Nitrogen-containing perfluoroalkyl bromides were synthesized via consecutive steps involving electrochemical fluorination, a reaction with lithium bromide, and photo-decarbonylation. Perfluoro (dimethylaminomethyl bromide) is considered to have a reduced ozone depletion potential (ODP), because it decomposes more easily than Halon 2402 by a reaction with hydroxyl radical. Perfluorotriethylamine, which has zero ODPs due to the absence of bromine, showed a good fire extinguishing ability comparable to that of Halon 1301.

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An analytical method was developed for GC/MS monitoring of chemicals (Dichlorobenzene, BHT, TBP, HCHs, HCB, Terphenyl, Chlordan, Nonachlor, Dieldrin, DDTs, Benzo (a) pyrene) in water and sediment, which is managed by Japan Environment Agency.
The water sample was extracted with methylene chloride and cleaned up by 5% hydrous silicagel (1g) mini column chromatography. The recoveries of chemicals were in the range of 67-102%.
The bottom sediment was extracted with acetonitrile. The extract was washed with hexane and then diluted with 5% sodium chloride aqueous solution. After extraction with hexane, the hexane extract was cleaned up by 5% hydrous silicagel (5g) column chromatography and finally activated charcoal chromatography. The recoveries of chemicals were in the range of 56-115%.

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