The previous researches on the early Chinese gardens, which were constructed from the Shang(商) Dynasty to the Han(漢) Dynasty, tried to restore the images of those gardens mainly based upon the analysis of related historical records and the remaining gardens of the Ming(明) and Qing(清) periods, inversely deducing that the early Chinese gardens should also highly consider natural designs which is the same as those later ones. But this study tried to analyze the style of the early Chinese gardens based upon their excavation results, and conducted a cross-comparison between those excavation results and related records or drawings of that time. As a result, this study inferred three conclusions: first, the main stream style of the early Chinese gardens was the geometric designs which highly considered artificial beauties and orders; second, the ponds of trisquare shape were the privileges of the imperial gardens; third, the early Chinese gardens had their own origin of geometric shaped ponds.

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The Zen sect was introduced in Japan at the end of the twelfth century, and spread systematically from epoch Kamakura (1185-1333). The authority of this epoch, who had just taken its power, introduces a Chinese administrative system to control Zen Buddhist temples, that it is about the Five Mountain System “Gozan-seido” for the object to use politically this sect. The introduction of the system from China brought consequently a Zen culture developed in the Chinese Zen Buddhist temples around the Five Mountains temples of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), and it gave great influence in the development of all areas of Japanese culture at later periods. The famous literature of Five Mountain System “Gozan-bungaku” is the domain in specialty of a Chinese culture that developed and flourished all along the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. In these works, which were written by monks, many poems were inserted among which we have poems “Jikkyo-shi”. We thought long time as the poesy of “Jikkyo-shi” is a genre which was introduced in parallel with other cultural areas of China, and we have not enough studies yet to certify that definition. To confirm the definition, we study the text published in China in the time of the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1616-1912), about the history of Buddhist temples in China that it is “中國 仏 寺 志 彙 刊” ( the History of Buddhist temples in China ). We can consider that the text is valid to see the propagation of the concept “kyochi” to the community of Zen sect in China of the time of the apogee of the Five Mountains temples, because the definition of previous studies on the same subject was based also about the contents of this text.
In this study, we collected examples of poetry in the form of decade “Jikkyo-shi” mainly in the texts on five major temples that these are Jing shan si, Ling yin si, Tian tong si, Jing ci si, and A Yu wang shan si. Then we classify the poems and analyze several ways to determine the historical meaning of the concept “kyochi” in Zen culture whose construction of the Japanese garden the next few times is strongly influenced. And we found, en effect, that there are there are some differences between the texts written in Japan and in China.

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Soswaewon is one of the most famous traditional gardens in Korea in Joseon dynasty. It was proclaimed as No.40 Important Cultural Assets of Korea in 2004. The owner who was a reclusive scholar named Ryousanpu started to build the garden in 1528. And from the old verses, the garden was already established in 1548. Over the 400 years, this garden has been added more buildings by the owner’s son. The garden was destroyed by army in 1598, and restored by the owner’ grandson in 1614. The current configuration of the garden is a little bit different from the original composition. The aim of this study is to clarify the original design and reveal the concept behind the garden. For this purpose, analysis of related Ink wash painting and maps was performed aim to identify the location of the view point. After that the relevant literature and articles was analyzed aim to reveal the concept of each view point. Regard the result. Soswaewon has 4 zones and each zone has its own theme which is Confucian political world, reclusion world, The Peach Blossom Spring and the Taoist world.

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The purpose of this paper is to present some general observation about everyday a garden maintenance based on practice used in an individual garden (Murinan garden) by this paper’s authors.
First, we outline the history of Murinan garden and of its maintenance. We describe the relationships amongst the garden owner, the garden artisan, and the garden itself based on information recorded in official documents from Kyoto city detailing the gardens’ maintenance over a period of 6 years. We, Then describe the differing perspectives of garden owners and garden artisans on many aspects of gardens.
Lastly, we are led to a certain perspective on the dependence of every garden maintenance is based on the social and cultural order which is itself based on the natural order; it is set of a behaviors to be realized by the relationship between a garden owner and a garden artisan in an individual garden in consideration of the visitors’ satisfaction.

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The purpose of this paper is to present some general observation on the topic of urgent restoration.
In the first part we describe four types of restoration that have over a span of 6 years in Murinan garden. We then describe the precursor to the restoration that can be found in the social context surrounding and immediate cause of the damage that necessitated the urgent restoration.
We attempt to derive the essential features of urgent restoration.
Our main point will be a general observation that urgent restoration is response to damage to a garden that has progressed to an extreme either because it has gone ignored or been unnoticed as part of an imperceptible or very gradual process. We further classify garden maintenance and restoration into 3 types. In every garden, everyday garden maintenance is about normal responses, urgent restoration is about speedy responses accumulated small damage, and full-scale restoration is about responses to large damage.

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In the Edo era, Tokushima domain ruled Awaji Province (Awaji Island). And the Tokushima domain dispatched Inada chief retainer to Sumoto. In Sumoto, a castle town was formed in those days. The samurai residence (Daimyo’s suburban residence) of the chief vassal of Inada was built backed by a Mt. Magatayama. These mountain area is the Izumi Group. And this mountain is a sandstone. The garden groups of suburban residence utilizes the native rock of the rocky mountain and is made. There is the villa residence of Inada chief retainer (Sei-sou) in the center of the garden groups. This villa residence became the private school later. In addition, this private school became the center place of the Kougo incidents (Inada riot). This samurai residence of Daimyo’s suburban residence is not left to the then building. However, there are several garden remains of an ancient structure around Ekishuukan private school. This garden put native rock of the huge stone and man-made arrangement of garden rocks together wonderfully. This garden utilized the huge stone is evaluated as a specific garden in Japan. It sees the total picture of the garden to consider this historic site of Ekishuukan private school.

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