The objects of this study were to clarify the circumstances that introduced 3-2 Zone Defense, the positioning of 3-2 Zone Defense, and the factors that demonstrated the effectiveness of 3-2 Zone Defense in Japan. 　The results of the stud y are summarized below. 1. Before the introduction of 3-2 Zone Defense in Japan, the role of each position was distinctly divided. Up to four players were deployed for offence, and the defense tactic used against this was Man-to-Man Defense. In this defense, the number of defensive players was fixed to correspond to the number of offensive players on the opposing team, and it appears that the defense was performed by 4 players or less. 2. In 1924, Franklin H.Brown, who was invited by Waseda University as a coach to strengthen their team, was the person who introduced 3-2 Zone Defense. The 3-2 Zone Defense was the first 5-player defensive tactic used in Japan, and it was therefore dubbed the "Five Men Defense". The 3-2 Zone Defense was the only 5-person defensive tactic in Japan until the adoption of the Five-man Two-line Defense. 3. This 5 player 3-2 Zone Defense proved highly effective, unlike the 4-player defense utilized in Japan until then; it was possible to cover the space under the basket. Additionally, these 3-2 Zone Defense functioned as an effective tactic because the basketball courts in Japan of the day were narrow and slippery, and the layout of the court at the Tokyo YMCA, where many conferences were held, did not allow for a corner shot.

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Heki-ryu is one of the Japanese archery (Kyujutsu) schools. Heki-ryu was founded in the Muromachi Period and its leaders were as follows, the founder, Shigekata Yoshida, Shigemasa Yoshida, Yoshikata Sasaki, Shigetaka Yoshida, Shigetsuna Yoshida, Shigeuji Yoshida, Toyotaka Yoshida and the following persons with Toyotaka. The head family of Heki-ryu is the Yoshida family in Kawamori (modern Shiga Prefecture) Shigeuji founded a Heki-ryu faction called Insaiha in the Edo Period and created such new branch families as the Yoshida family in the domain of Ashimori (modern Okayama Prefecture). The Yoshida family of the Ashimori clan had old documents about the origin of Heki-ryu. There were two different stories in them. One was that Danjo Heki initiated Shigekata into the shooting method. This is the same as the introduction of Heki-ryu in Bugei-shoden. The other was that Danjo was another name of Shigekata, who was the lord of the castle in Kawamori with his brother, Shigeoki Yoshida. The documents containing this story were handed down confidentially. The Yoshida family in Kawamori had the family tree beginning with the ancestor of Shigekata, Kanehide Sasaki. The lineage included three generations: Yasuhide, Hidehiro, and Shigekata. The son of Kanehide, Yasuhide, was the lord of Yoshida Castle in Izumo-no-kuni (modern Shimane Prefecture). He lived in Yoshida-sho, a manor in Izumo-no-kuni, and the family became known as Sasaki-Yoshida. Hidehiro was the head of the Yoshida family before Shigekata moved it to Kawamori. Shigekata was the lord of Nodera castle in Kawamori. Kanehide was the son of Hideyoshi Sasaki who served Yoritomo Minamoto according to the study of Sasaki clan. The Sasaki family was assumed to be excellent archers because Hideyoshi and his sons were brave soldiers. The Sasaki Yoshida family may have created an original shooting method which developed into Heki-ryu. The relationship between the Sasaki-Yoshida family and Heki-ryu will be discussed in another article.

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An fang des 20. Jahrhunderts entstand in Europa die sogenannte Gymnastikbewegung, in der man statt des formlichen Spiess-Maul Systems und der formalsierten schwed- ischen Gymnastik eine neue Gymnastik erfand. Im Zentrum dieser Bewegung stehend, fand die “Tagung fuer kuenstlerische Koerperschulung”1922 in Berlin statt. An der Tagung nahmen nicht nur die Vertreter beruehmter Gym nastikschulen sondern auch Paedagoginnen, Turnlehrerinnen , Ki.instlerinnen u.a. teil. 1923, 1924 und 1926 wurde der Bericht der Tagung unter dem Titel “Die kuenstlerische Koerperschulung”publiziert. Auch in Japan wurden schon in den 30er Jahren in einigen Buechern die vielfaeltigen Taetigkeiten der gymnastischen Schulen vorgestellt. Aber in diesen Buechern gab es nur wenige Beschreibungen der verwirklich ten Zusammenarbeit dieser Schulen und der Fachleute anderer Bereich. Zum Beispiel gab es nur unbefriedigende Beschreibungen ueber die Beziehung zwischen R.Bode (1881-1970) und L.Klages (1872 1956). Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, zum Nachdenken ueber den Einfluss L.Klages auf R.Bode “Vom Wesen der Ausdrucksgymnastik ”anzuregen. Dabei sollen R.Bode“Vom Wesen der Ausdrucksgymnastik” und L.Klages “Vom Wesen des Rhythmus”in Kuenstlerische Koerperschulung, 3. erweiterte Aufl.”usw. beruecksichtigt warden. Die Rhythmuslehre L.Klages’hatte R.Bode stark beeinflusst. Die Begegnung mit L.Klages 1912 bestaetigte Bodes Grundauffassung und beschleunigte die Entwicklung seiner Theorie der “schwingenden Bewegung". R.Bode stellte Schwung”ins Zentrum seiner Bewegungslehre und foerderte die ausdrucksvolle, lebendige und rhythmische Bewegungsschulung. Er erkannte die Eigentuemlichkeit vom Rhythmus (gegliederte Stetigkeit und polarisier te Steligkeit) in der “schwingenden Bewegung” und im “Wechsel von Spannung und Entspannung". Von diesem Ausgangspunkt aus entwickelte er seine Ausdrucksgymnastik.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify British India national flag incident which occurred during the ninth Far Eastern Championship Games (FECG), and also to examine its historical meaning The flag incident is an incident that the Indian national team raised the Gandhi’s flag which is a symbol of the Indian independence movement from British rule, although the British side required the Indian team to display the Flag of the Governor-General of India. After the incident happened, it was reported in a number of newspapers. Whilst the Japanese newspapers mentioned that the confrontation between the two countries was resolved by using the Flag of the Governor-General of India, the English newspapers reported that both flags were raised on the roof of Nihon Seinenkan where the Indian team stayed during FECG. Even though there was some confusion over which flag was chosen, in actual fact both flags were raised. In addition, the Indian team appeared in the closing ceremony, holding both the Flag of the Governor-General of India and the Gandhi' s placards. Moreover, not only the Indian team , but also Indians living in Japan and the Japan National Party (Nihon Kokumintou ) were involved in the incident. The flag incident and placards express the Indian team’s dilemma over their independence and sports.

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