This paper is intend to ascertain the mentality, that is to say professional attitude of American physical educators toward at the turn of the 20th century. Up to that time, athletic sports have undergone new and startling developments. Then first national association to represent professional workers interested in physical education have already organized at 1885. This organization is known by the name of the "American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education" (AAAPE.). It is confirmed that the membership of the AAAPE has predominated by major two groups. First group is made up of teachers in higher educational institutions, namely, colleges and universities. Second group is made up of teachers in YMCA institutions. Disputes over a point of promoting in physical education and historical facts cited in this paper are based on the growing process of the AAAPE and the American Physical Education Association(APEA), which is changed the name of AAAPE in 1903. Essential purports of this paper are as follow. Professional attitude of physical educators toward sports are characterized by the disgust or the prejudice against violent competition and excessive exercise, which have become increasingly conspicuous in collegiate athletics. These are reflected on the professional anxiety of physical educators that the enticement into collegiate athletics, must be hostile to the normal practice of gymnastic education. Physical educators who are typically able to take a position of college teacher recommend proudly their physical training systems with intent to make prescription with gymnastics. It seems to be a reactive attitude that does not cope with the transition of physical education at that day. The content of physical education has been making a transition from the gymnastics program to the sports program. Physical educators who are typically able to take a position of YMCA teacher hopefully recommend game and sport activities for the expectation of educational effect. They modify(and/or deform)games and sports according to their educational needs and they make practical applications of these activities to bring up harmonious all-round men. It seems to be a flexible attitude that promotes physical education adapted to the times.

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The present study aimes to clarify the definitions of unlawful games and lawful sports in 19th-century England. A main source is A Treatise on Crimes and Misdemeanors by Sir Wm.Oldnall Russell, 7th ed., 1909. This book of authority make mention of sports and games in Book VI 'Of Disturbance of the public peace', chap. 1 and 2, and Book IX 'Of Homicide', chap. 1. The obtained conclusion is following. The legal points about sports and games are the intention of them, the maintenance of the public peace, and the prevention of the bodily harm. If the points are not satisfied, the game is regarded as to be unlawful at the common law.

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Today "Tug-of-War" is usually played as a game, for instance, on the sports day at schools. On the other hand, folk "Tug-of-War" have been handed down all over Japan. This study will take up "Otsunasan Festival" in Ettumi and Onishi, Sakurai City, Nara, Japan, as an example of folk "Tug-of-War". Let me describe the outline of the festival. On the 11th of February every year(formerly on the 10th of January in lunar calendar), the people of Ettumi make "Ozuna", a huge male rope, while those of Onishi make "Mezuna", a huge female rope. After walking around their own villages, they make "Ozuna" and "Mezuna" rope married. This "Otsunasan Festival" is not so-called "Tug-of-War" game, which has limited meaning and is actually played by pulling the rope from both sides. In the former studies of "Tug-of-War", this festival was considered and counted as one of "Kanjyokake" events, which are traditional events in Nara. Though the viewpoint that this festival is considered as "Kanjyokake" takes notice of "the site" itself to cross the ropes, it lacks the viewpoint of the huge "Ozuna" and "Mezuna" ropes, which are the most characteristics of this festival. Therefore the subject of this study is to take up this festival as one of variations of "Tug-of-War", and to consider the meaning of the huge "Ozuna" and "Mezuna" ropes. There are two reasons. One is that the broad interpretation of "Tug-of-War" includes the actions of carrying and dragging the rope in the studies of "Tug-of-War"in Kyushu district. The other reason is that the festival is considered to be under the influence of the common culture of "Tug-of-War" in Japan. If we consider this festival as one of the "Tug-of-War" variations, we could regard the unification of "Ozuna" and "Mezuna" ropes as the influence of "Tenpujiboseikonkannen" -the notion of the hierogamy(holy marriage)between the sky father and the earth mother-which is common among "Tug-of-War" in the civilization of rice-producing districts.

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