Erwin Balz (b.1849-d.1913) came to Japan in 1876 as a foreign employee for the medical department of the University of Tokyo, and spent 29 long years building the foundation of modern medicine in Japan. As such, he paid great attention to the physical strength of young people at that time. In order to improve their strength, he emphasized the importance of kenjutsu and jujutsu training, and highly recommended them. There has been other research on Balz and his interest in kenjutsu and jujutsu. But those are on the fact that he was a member of the committee that conducted the "Kenjutsu-Jujutsu-Chosa" (Survey of Kenjutsu and Jujutsu) in 1883 and what he had to do with kenjutsu, jujutsu, and physical education theory after the survey. Because of this, the details of his involvement with kenjutsu and jujutsu before the "Kenjutsu-Jujutsu-Chosa" have not been made clear. This paper makes an examination into Balz who had a hand in the "Kenjutsu-Jujutsu-Chosa" and was also a foreigner, interacted with in deepening his understanding of kenjutsu and jujutsu. What I have found is that, while it has been argued that the first people to have had a significant influence on Balz, with regard to his thoughts on kenjutsu and jujutsu and his promotion of them, are kenkichi SAKAKIBARA and Jigoro KANO (famous masters of bujutsu [budo] at that time), it can be assumed that their influence became pertinent with regard to kenjutsu after he entered the Sakakibara school for kenjutsu training in April 1883. On the other hand, for jujutsu, we can also consider the years 1878 to 1883, when Balz's companion, Kinnosuke MIURA, who was currently studying Tenjinshinyoryu and was a student of the preparatory department, acted as Balz's interpreter. Miura would have been the first person to offer Balz an understanding of jujutsu, as well as an important person in his life. I think that the role he played as one of the people to have influenced Balz's thinking should be re-evaluated.

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This study is placed for the purpose of clarifying as a key the historical records still published as much as possible by this time in establishment and revision time of an undecided unification tennis rule ("four-schools rule"). Moreover, this study carries out the time of enactment and revision, the contents of the "four-schools rule", and a part of modernization of tennis. Time made into the object of this study was set from 1904 when the inter-school game of four schools was started to 1920 or before when a four school league disappears by adoption of the regulation ball of the main schools. The result obtained by this study is as follows: 1) It became clear that the "four-schools rule" was enacted for the first time in the autumn of 1905, and revision of 3 times was added in 1909, 1911, and 1912. 2) As a result of examination: The Wada theory had made a mistake in establishment, revision time, and the contents in most; Harishige theory was supported by historical records about the contents, it was wrong in time a little. 3) The "1905 rule" was promptly created ignited by the advancement of the technique as the confrontation game between the technical colleges in Tokyo is prosperous, and it was mainly constituted by deployment of a game, and the regulation about an umpire. With the "1909 revision rule", it succeeds in a complete revision and the regulation about facilities, implements, and the match method was further substantial. Then, although it succeeded in 1911 or 1912, and revision, the appearance followed the "1909 revision rule", and stopped at a detailed change. 4) Each revision of a "four-schools rule" was generally concerned mainly with correction of a not clear sentence expression, and solution of many problems produced through the inter-school game. The "four-schools rule" found out the directivity as a common code exceeding the framework of four schools. The "four-schools rule" played the role important for modernization of tennis of Japan in that it contributed to the unification and spread of tennis. It was not such rule as all scenes were assumed. It is possible to look the play of tennis depending strongly on the contemporary custom. Although it was negative, it can be considered in the meaning of complementing the "exception" that this is the process of modernization.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify how the adoption of the metal bat made the technique of the team at bat and the tactics they used change in high school baseball after the 1970s. When a baseball tool changes, the technique and tactics change greatly. One such change occurred with the introduction of "the metal bat" in Japanese baseball after World War II. One doesn't think about a change in baseball technique and tactics regarding only the change in the style of play, but one must also think about how this fit in to economical changes as well, and the society as a whole. To date, there has been no historical research conducted on a change in baseball technique and tactics from the point of view of technique alone. Previous studies of Japanese baseball history are the following: A historical study on the baseball from its introduction to the present, discussions of baseball technique, on the baseball stadium, and on the relationships between the tools and the tactics put together. The following facts were confirmed by this study. 1) Increase in the population of baseball players brought about the introduction of the metal bat. 2) A change was seen in the technique of the team at bat and the tactics used by them due to the introduction of the metal bat. 3) The defense adapted to the change in technique and tactics of the team at bat, and adjusted their style of play accordingly.

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The discourses of Yojo (looking after one's health) in Japan from the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth century often required having one's "Yoku" (desire) under control. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the episteme of the body in the discourses of Yojo, from the Kaibara Ekken Yojokun (1713) to Mizuno Takusai Yojoben Kohen (1851), examining the concept of "Yoku". The episteme of the body in this paper was the mechanism of perception and idea of the body. Three procedures were employed for the purpose of this paper. The first was to confirm the relation between "Qi" (substance or energy) and body, and to examine the growth of the concept of "Qi" in the discourses of Yojo. The second was to clarify the relation between economic activity in urban society in that era and having one's Yoku under control in Yojo. The last was to clarify the relation of the concept of "Yoku" and the inside of the body and self-consciousness. The main results can be summarized as follows. The main points of Yojo were filling and surrounding the body with "Qi". Yojo, considered that "Yoku" and "Gaija" (the course of a disease) reduced and congested "Qi", which existed in the body. The increase of having one's "Yoku" under control in the discourses of Yojo from the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth century strengthened the connection between "Qi" and "Yoku". This brought about the importance of the control of one's "Yoku". The background to this increasing tendency toward having one's "Yoku" under control was the development of the urban monetary economy. A consumption-based, affluent culture had been found desirable, and Yojo claimed control over it. In the discourses of Yojo, there was "Yoku" within one's own body. Self-consciousness was the result of having one's "Yoku" under control. "Yoku" in the discourses of Yojo was a conceptual apparatus that established the connection between "Qi" and moral acts, and a continual care of oneself as a practical moral being.

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The purpose of this study is to point out some problems pertaining to the viewpoint of "Japanese sports ideology" through this baseball controversy and to grasp the new viewpoint. The first point is that Japanese sports ideology tends to be described as a tradition-bound way of thinking. We discuss an aspect of baseball ideology that has been created while adjusting to some situations. The second point is that "play element" is said to be lacking in Japanese sports ideology. We discuss how it has been an important factor in the spread of baseball in Japan.

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The purpose of this study was intended to investigate the role of Akita educational society as propulsive part for sports in Meiji and Taisho era. Akita educational society was established in june 1888 which had aims to improve and progress educations in Akita. The society encourages prositively following kinds of sports and athletics by two presidents who deeply interested in sports according to completely opposite views. 1. Challeng cup baseball game for high school: Challeng cup was opened from 1900 to 1908. After 16th match the meeting was stopped by the president on account of excessive attachment for win. But baseball spread rapidly in Akita. 2. Bujutsu meeting(Kendo and Judo) for high school and elementary school: Traditional Bujutsu were balude highly again as nationalistic and moral education and the strength of national defense. The number of participants had increased year after year according to encouragement plan. From 1920 the meeting for elementary school was opened. 3. A practice meeting for swimming for high school and elementary school: A exercise place for swimming was seted up river and seaside in all parts of Akita. 4. A promotion of outdoor sports in winter: A skate rink was seted up on the moat of old castle site and practice meeting were opened sometimes. Athletic meeting on ice in Hachiro lake was only 3 times crowded with over a thousand people. In Taisho era ski was introduced, so custom of outdoor sports in winter was generally. All meetings were discountinued by renovation of organization in 1924, but Akita educational society had usually initiative role that encouraged soprts in Akita organized and continous in the later Meiji and Taisho era.

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