'Football Spectators Act 1989' was expected to be a strong fort against football violence in England. The purpose of enforcement of this decree was to eradicate all "hooligans" in all the stadiums inside and outside of England, which was one of the points of the greatest concerns for the British Government's policies. However this law betrayed the hope of the British Government and this led to an institution of a change in the law. The purpose of this study is to examine the matters skeptically and consider the reason why this law did not satisfy the policy by referring to a concept of "Gewalt" propounded by Walter Benjamin (1892-1940). The conclusions of this study follow below. 1. In this Act, legal definition about physical exertion displayed by spectators in stadiums was absolutely unconcerned. On top of this, the Crown Court was authorized as making every judgment that was based on their own criteria. 2. According to the concept of "Gewalt" by Benjamin, the power of "Gewalt" is indispensable in a law-enforcement. Therefore, this act was enforced by the power of "Gewalt", that is the British Government itself. However, Benjamin also reveals that a law never presents a valid reason for making every decision. 3. To enforce a law has a pursuit of personal interests and it always has to remain skeptical. Intensification of "hooligan" activities since 1970s and eruption of violence such as "Heysel tragedy" in 1985 were regarded as "crisis" for the British Government, since "hooligans" breached their ideals in English football.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the political process that Ministry of Education (MOE) intensified the control over student baseball after the outbreak of Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and "oppressed" it in 1943. At the same time, the paper examines the political aspect of the discourse about student baseball insisted by Tobita Suishu in that period. Two sets of axes, "appeal-edification" and "autonomy-compulsion", are set to analyze the discourses of physical education and sports during the war. The conclusions of this paper are as follows. 1. School administrators, teachers and others who were involved in physical education and sports insisted on proceeding the unification of their administration, and reorganizing it into a top-down system in order to adjust it to the total war regime at that time. As a result the Greater Japan's Promotion Society for Student's Physical Training (Dai Nippon Gakuto Taiiku Shinkou Kai) and the Greater Japan Physical Education Association (Dai Nippon Taiiku Kai) were established after the breakout of the Pacific War. 2. Tobita insisted on establishing the student baseball control organization to remove the "maladies" of student baseball, and to edify players through baseball. His opinions were highly evaluated because they were well-accorded with the ideal of New Order Movement. 3. In 1943, as the tide of the war got worse and supplies were lacking in Japan, MOE compulsorily obliged students to join athletics and physical trainings such as marching and bayonet drills. Those trainings were to prepare students for a draft and also to train them to be workers who would support the industry. Student baseball, which was determined as inappropriate, was "oppressed" as a result. 4. The word "oppressed," which is used to describe student baseball at that time, is not only a simple adoption from Tobita's perspective, but underneath the word, there were stories of the "innovative" aspect of Tobita's discourses and the contribution to the war by participants of student baseball.

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"Kappa" is an imaginary animal (a hobgoblin) typify in Japanese folk stories. There are oral traditions, which tell "Kappa like Sumo". Numerous reports have demonstrated that "Kappa like Sumo" in Japanese folklore, however, it has not been elucidated the question : "why Kappa like Sumo" yet. The aim of this study is to elucidate "why Kappa like Sumo", by using both historical and folklore materials. There are two descriptions about Nomino-Sukune in paragraph of the Emperor Suinin in "Nihon shoki" : the oldest official chronicles of Japan. One description is the legend which is telling that he originated Sumo at Anashihyouzu-jinjya shrine, and the other is the legend that Haniwa : the earthenware figures originated with him. It has suggested that Nomino-Sukune is a symbol of a craftman group of metal refining, by historical and folkloristic analysis of these two descriptions. This symbol overlaps with "Amenohiboko", who is a symbolic person of immigrants came over to ancient Japan. It is also overlapped with the faith of "Shiyuu": a person in Chinese legend. "Shiyuu" is considered to be "Hyouzu", and the people who used to be subordinated to "Shiyuu" are considered to be "Hyouzube". "Hyouzube" is a byname of Kappa, and these symbolic overlapping suggests that Nomino-Sukune was the boss (chief) of an ancestor of Kappa. These relationships give account for the question: why Kappa want to play Sumo.

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