This study aims to clarify regional aspects built by supporting systems of the sports industry through the establishment of prefectural branches of the National Physical Training Association. This study examined, 1） the process of establishment of prefectural branches, 2） the actual conditions of establishment as seen from the observation of the IBARAKI Physical Training Association, and clarified the following aspects.
1） The National Physical Training Association promoted the establishment of the prefectural branches through the enactment of Article 14 of official branch regulations and examples of branch rules. The establishment of prefectural branches was a matter of priority for the National Physical Training Association, but the prefectures were pessimistic due to confusion related to organizational structure and financial aspects. The National Physical Training Association had approved the establishment of the prefectural branches, except the Tokyo and Toyama prefectural branches, by March 31, 1943. However, as the National Physical Training Association rushed the establishment of prefectural branches almost all of them have the date of establishment as later than the date of approval. Contrary to the impatience of the National Physical Training Association, the enthusiastic activities of the prefectural branches were different depending on the prefectural branch.
2） In addition to the educators, the IBARAKI Physical Training Association was composed of stakeholders such as the military and police and the Imperial Rule Assistance Association. The management of the IBARAKI Physical Training Association had been funded by the contributions of these affiliates. Further, the IBARAKI Physical Training Association planned holding training meetings and the development of guiding.
As mentioned above, the National Physical Training Association tried to build a nationwide network grid system through the establishment of the prefectural branches. The prefectural branches strengthened the system through the close relationships with the affiliated organizations such as the military and the Imperial Rule Assistance Association. It can be said that such a construction of a regional level supporting system of the sports industry, the educators and educational institutions had a certain amount of influence.

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The purpose of this study is to examine how the role as well as way of existence of The Badminton Association （hereafter referred to as the BA）, the first association of badminton in the history, was transformed in the period of 1893‒1934, since the establishment of BA until the establishment of International Badminton Federation. It also examines the transition of its international functions, for which the former had been responsible, to the latter.
The result of this study is summarized as follows.
The BA was established in 1893 by the badminton clubs in the South West England for the purpose of standardizing the rules set by each club and promoting the game. It increased the number of its affiliated organizations by activating badminton under the Laws of Badminton. Within England, local spontaneous activities were boosted and led the autonomous clubs to affiliate with the BA through its county associations. This brought the BA to establish its substantial role as a national organization within England. In 1921, the BA established its Regulations for the County Associations and clarified its federating structure as a national organization in England.
On the other hand, the BA also expanded its affiliated organizations beyond England. In the early days of the BA federation, the interactions beyond borders of nations initially existed through personal networks. In 1899, the Ireland Badminton Union （hereafter referred to as IBU） was established as a national organization which could set its bye-laws in compliance with the Laws of Badminton and the Regulations of the Badminton Association. Through this establishment, international matches were organized from 1903; however, these matches were limited to being organized within the British Isles until the 1920s. In the late 1920s, other national organizations came to be established outside the British Isles and the international activities were conducted under the jurisdiction of the BA. Hence, the BA had substantially undertaken the role of an international organization.
With expanding domestic activities within England as well as increased international exchanges, with qualitative changes in its affiliated organizations, and also with quantitative alternation of its affiliations in numbers and areas, the BA, under its dual roles as a national association of England as well as an internationally operating organization, had expanded each of its functions. In dealing with obstacles and discontents that arose in its federation, the BA had solved these by amending the Regulations of the Badminton Association in order to adjust appropriately to the actual situations. As a result, the BA itself found that it was no longer “an association” that connected its affiliated organizations under its initial “purposes.” Therefore, the BA clearly stated in its Regulations reflecting its actual operations.
As described above, the BA, which was initially established to standardize the Laws of Badminton and to widely promote badminton, had transformed itself into an organization inhering two roles of a national organizing body within England, as well as an international federating organization, following the widely promotion of badminton under the Laws of Badminton.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the process of labor negotiation by Japan Professional Baseball Players Association （JPBPA） in order to capture the change of the status of the players, who are the important persons concerned in the professional baseball world. This article focuses the period from 1993, when a free agent （FA） system was introduced to 2004, when the JPBPA went on strike for the first time in baseball history in Japan.
After introduction of a FA system, the JPBPA continued to succeed in a certain level of improvement of the working conditions.
And, since 1999, the JPBPA addressed the structural improvement of the baseball world as new movements.
However, the Nippon Professional Baseball Organization （NPB） often made the player’s working conditions worse without the JPBPA’s recognitions. The worst of them was the baseball alignment in 2004. The JPBPA engaged in collective bargaining and strike with their legal rights as a labor union. As a result, they stopped reduction of the number of the clubs, stopped making their working conditions worse, and obtained the chances of discuss about structural improvements of Japanese professional baseball with the NPB.
We should pay attention to having gained such achievements by the JPBPA under the condition which the NPB seems to lead the process of the negotiation.

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[in Japanese]

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