It was during the 1970's that the societies of sport history were organized and the journarls of sport history were issued in Japan as well as in Europe and America. Since the 1980's the study of sport history has been brought about a vigorous new stage that no one ever made an estimate. All such results, books and articles, were shown splendidly in many branches of sport history. In this paper dealing with the present state and future task in the study of sport history, the auther would like to point out following main problems within the limits of Europian and American accademic world. The first point is the problem of "when" and "why" the works titled sport history published in France, Germany and America before the World War II. The 2nd point is the problem of the special feature and tendency of the journals of sport history which were first published since the World War II. The 3rd point is the problem of the reason why sport historian recently interested so strongly in the study of social history of sport. Brief answer and suggestion would be given to each problem from the macrocosmic view-point.

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Werk des Aristoteles ist fur die Geschichte der altgriechischen Leibesubungen eine unentbehrliche Quelle. Zweck der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Auffassung und Stellungnahme des Aristoteles zur Leibesubung(γυμνασιον) und Zwangsdiat(αναγκοφαγια) darzustellen. Im Laufe der Zeit hatte das Wort αθλητηζ die Bedeutung Berufsathlet angenommen im Gegensatz zu ιδιωτηζ. Aristoteles tadelt nicht nur jenen wegen seiner einseitigen Leibesubungen, sondern auch diesen wegen seiner schlechten Leibeskonstitution. Die schonste Mitte des Aristoteles ist das leibliche Wohlbefinden(ευεζια), d.i. das Bild des Funfkampfers zwischen zwei Extremen, der zu den allen Leibesubungen tauglich ist: Wahrend Aristoteles die Berufsathleten verweigernt, lasst er positiv Anstrengungen und Zwangsdiat vom siebzehnten Lebensjahre an zu. Die diesbezugliche wichtige Stelle lautet: "dann(17. Lebensjahr...Vers.) ist es zulassig, in den anschliessenden Lebensjahren sich auch Anstrengungen und Zwangsdiaten(τοισ πονοιζ και ταιζ αναγκοφαγιαιζ) zu unterwerfen^<1)>". Unverkennbar empfiehlt Aristoteles nachdrucklich die richtige Mitte zwischen den ubertriebenen Leibesubungen und Zwangsdiaten. Darum besteht das leibliche Wohlbefinden des Junglings darin, dass er einen Leib besitzt, der zu den allen heftigen Leibesubungen tauglich ist. Aristoteles sagt: "die leibliche Anstrengung beeintrachtigt die geistige und diese jene^<2)>." Damit sich die leibliche und geistige Anstrengung nicht gegenseitig beeintrachtigt, ist die dreijahrige Erziehung der letzteren gewidmet, dann folgen heftige Leibesubungen und Zwangsdiat. Hochstes Ziel des Aristoteles ist βιοζ θεωρητικοζ in der Freizeit. Aber der Mensch, der Anstrengungen in der Gaschaftigkeit ertragen muss, bedarf eines Spiels als Erholung. Aristoteles legt grossen Wert auf die gymnischen Agone.

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The purpose of the study is to clarify the formational process of the early lawn tennis considering the items of the 9 rules which were enacted in that time. The 9 rules are as the following. I. The Rules of "Sphairistike or Lawn Tennis" planned by Wingfield in 1873. II. The Rules of "Germains Lawn Tennis" contributed to the "Field" by Hale in 1874. III. The Rules of the game which was played in Leamington Club contributed to the "Field" by Gem and Perera in 1874. IV. The Rules planned by Cavendish contributed to the "Field" in 1874. V. The Rules adopted by the MCC in 1875. VI. The Rules adopted by the AEC&LTC to hold the first Lawn Tennis Championship at Wimbledon in 1877. VII. The Rules adopted by the MCC and the AEC&LTC in 1878. VIII. The Rules first revised by the MCC and AEC&LTC in 1880. IX. The Rules secondly revised by the MCC and AEC&LTC in 1882. The development of the rules in the early lawn tennis has three stages. In the first stage(the rules of I, II and III are eqivalent to this stage), there were many clubs which have their own rules. It is obvious that the differences of the items of the rules exist among each club. In the second stage(the rules of IV, V and VI), it began to unify the rules by the MCC and the AEC&LTC. The rules today are based on those of this stage. The rules of the early lawn tennis were completed in the third stage(the rules of VII, VIII and IX) by the MCC and the AEC&LTC.

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According to documents at the Iwate prefectural record office, 24 local people went to Tokyo for the purpose of getting training in gymnastics during 1884-1892. The purpose of this paper is to clarify what kind of people they were and what kind of background they had, based upon the personal resumes among the documents at Iwate prefectural record office. Most of them were elementary school teachers, and they continued their jobs after their training in gymnastics in Tokyo. That is to say, this period brought gymnastics to elementary schools all over Iwate prefecture. However, most of the places in Tokyo that allowed the trainees to enter were crude private gymnastics schools. So most of the trainees could not acquire the arts of gymnatics sufficiently, and consequently they did not seem to play as active a role as had been expected of them when they returned to their own districts. The reason why they entered such schools was that the National Gymnastics School(Taiso Denshujo) had been abolished in 1886. So the national policy for educational training in gymnastics was not suitable for elementary schools in Japan at that time.

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