We introduce a new algebra associated with a hyperplane arrangement 𝒜, called the Solomon–Terao algebra 𝑆𝑇(𝒜, 𝜂), where 𝜂 is a homogeneous polynomial. It is shown by Solomon and Terao that 𝑆𝑇(𝒜, 𝜂) is Artinian when 𝜂 is generic. This algebra can be considered as a generalization of coinvariant algebras in the setting of hyperplane arrangements. The class of Solomon–Terao algebras contains cohomology rings of regular nilpotent Hessenberg varieties. We show that 𝑆𝑇(𝒜, 𝜂) is a complete intersection if and only if 𝒜 is free. We also give a factorization formula of the Hilbert polynomials of 𝑆𝑇(𝒜, 𝜂) when 𝒜 is free, and pose several related questions, problems and conjectures.

In this paper, the optimal problem for mixed 𝑝-capacities is investigated. The Orlicz and 𝐿_𝑞 geominimal 𝑝-capacities are proposed and their properties, such as invariance under orthogonal matrices, isoperimetric type inequalities and cyclic type inequalities are provided as well. Moreover, the existence of the 𝑝-capacitary Orlicz–Petty bodies for multiple convex bodies is established, and the Orlicz and 𝐿_𝑞 mixed geominimal 𝑝-capacities for multiple convex bodies are introduced. The continuity of the Orlicz mixed geominimal 𝑝-capacities and some isoperimetric type inequalities of the 𝐿_𝑞 mixed geominimal 𝑝-capacities are proved.

We introduce a new geometric invariant called the obtuse constant of spaces with curvature bounded below. We first find relations between this invariant and the normalized volume. We also discuss the case of maximal obtuse constant equal to 𝜋/2, where we prove some rigidity for spaces. Although we consider Alexandrov spaces with curvature bounded below, the results are new even in the Riemannian case.

In this paper, we investigate three geometrical invariants of knots, the height, the trunk and the representativity. First, we give a counterexample for the conjecture which states that the height is additive under connected sum of knots. We also define the minimal height of a knot and give a potential example which has a gap between the height and the minimal height. Next, we show that the representativity is bounded above by a half of the trunk. We also define the trunk of a tangle and show that if a knot has an essential tangle decomposition, then the representativity is bounded above by half of the trunk of either of the two tangles. Finally, we remark on the difference among Gabai's thin position, ordered thin position and minimal critical position. We also give an example of a knot which bounds an essential non-orientable spanning surface, but has arbitrarily large representativity.

We show that certain algebraic structures lack freeness in the absence of the axiom of choice. These include some subgroups of the Baer–Specker group ℤ^𝜔 and the Hawaiian earring group. Applications to slenderness, completely metrizable topological groups, length functions and strongly bounded groups are also presented.

In this paper, we introduce a two-parameters determinantal point process in the Poincaré disc and compute the asymptotics of the variance of its number of particles inside a disc centered at the origin and of radius 𝑟 as 𝑟 → 1⁻. Our computations rely on simple geometrical arguments whose analogues in the Euclidean setting provide a shorter proof of Shirai's result for the Ginibre-type point process. In the special instance corresponding to the weighted Bergman kernel, we mimic the computations of Peres and Virag in order to describe the distribution of the number of particles inside the disc.

Kobayashi conjectured in the 36th Geometry Symposium in Japan (1989) that a homogeneous space 𝐺/𝐻 of reductive type does not admit a compact Clifford–Klein form if rank 𝐺 −rank 𝐾 < rank 𝐻 −rank 𝐾_𝐻. We solve this conjecture affirmatively. We apply a cohomological obstruction to the existence of compact Clifford–Klein forms proved previously by the author, and use the Sullivan model for a reductive pair due to Cartan–Chevalley–Koszul–Weil.

In this article, we obtain a strict inequality between the conjugate Hardy 𝐻² kernels and the Bergman kernels on planar regular regions with 𝑛 > 1 boundary components, which is a conjecture of Saitoh.

An automorphism of an algebraic surface 𝑆 is called cohomologically (numerically) trivial if it acts identically on the second cohomology group (this group modulo torsion subgroup). Extending the results of Mukai and Namikawa to arbitrary characteristic 𝑝 > 0, we prove that the group of cohomologically trivial automorphisms Aut_ct(𝑆) of an Enriques surface 𝑆 is of order ≤ 2 if 𝑆 is not supersingular. If 𝑝 = 2 and 𝑆 is supersingular, we show that Aut_ct(𝑆) is a cyclic group of odd order 𝑛 ∈ {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11} or the quaternion group 𝑄₈ of order 8 and we describe explicitly all the exceptional cases. If 𝐾_𝑆 ≠ 0, we also prove that the group Aut_nt(𝑆) of numerically trivial automorphisms is a subgroup of a cyclic group of order ≤ 4 unless 𝑝 = 2, where Aut_nt(𝑆) is a subgroup of a 2-elementary group of rank ≤ 2.

In this paper, we determine the bifurcation set of a real polynomial function of two variables for non-degenerate case in the sense of Newton polygons by using a toric compactification. We also count the number of singular phenomena at infinity, called “cleaving” and “vanishing”, in the same setting. Finally, we give an upper bound of the number of atypical values at infinity in terms of its Newton polygon. To obtain the upper bound, we apply toric modifications to the singularities at infinity successively.

In 1983, Conway and Gordon proved that for every spatial complete graph on six vertices, the sum of the linking numbers over all of the constituent two-component links is odd, and that for every spatial complete graph on seven vertices, the sum of the Arf invariants over all of the Hamiltonian knots is odd. In 2009, the second author gave integral lifts of the Conway–Gordon theorems in terms of the square of the linking number and the second coefficient of the Conway polynomial. In this paper, we generalize the integral Conway–Gordon theorems to complete graphs with arbitrary number of vertices greater than or equal to six. As an application, we show that for every rectilinear spatial complete graph whose number of vertices is greater than or equal to six, the sum of the second coefficients of the Conway polynomials over all of the Hamiltonian knots is determined explicitly in terms of the number of triangle-triangle Hopf links.

We prove several identities on homogeneous groups that imply the Hardy and Rellich inequalities for Bessel pairs. These equalities give a straightforward understanding of some of the Hardy and Rellich inequalities as well as the absence of nontrivial optimizers and the existence/nonexistence of “virtual”extremizers.

According to the Kouchnirenko Theorem, for a generic (meaning non-degenerate in the Kouchnirenko sense) isolated singularity 𝑓 its Milnor number 𝜇 (𝑓) is equal to the Newton number 𝜈 (𝚪₊(𝑓)) of a combinatorial object associated to 𝑓, the Newton polyhedron 𝚪₊ (𝑓). We give a simple condition characterizing, in terms of 𝚪₊ (𝑓) and 𝚪₊ (𝑔), the equality 𝜈 (𝚪₊(𝑓)) = 𝜈 (𝚪₊(𝑔)), for any surface singularities 𝑓 and 𝑔 satisfying 𝚪₊ (𝑓) ⊂ 𝚪₊ (𝑔). This is a complete solution to an Arnold problem (No. 1982-16 in his list of problems) in this case.

The Cohen–Macaulay type of idealizations of maximal Cohen–Macaulay modules over Cohen–Macaulay local rings is closely explored. There are two extremal cases, one of which is related to the theory of Ulrich modules, and the other one is related to the theory of residually faithful modules and closed ideals, developed by Brennan and Vasconcelos.

Consider the instationary Stokes system in general unbounded domains Ω ⊂ ℝ^𝑛, 𝑛 ≥ 2, with boundary of uniform class 𝐶³, and Navier slip or Robin boundary condition. The main result of this article is the maximal regularity of the Stokes operator in function spaces of the type \tilde{𝐿}^𝑞 defined as 𝐿^𝑞 ∩ 𝐿² when 𝑞 ≥ 2, but as 𝐿^𝑞 + 𝐿² when 1 < 𝑞 < 2, adapted to the unboundedness of the domain.

Quadrangular algebras arise in the theory of Tits quadrangles. They are anisotropic if and only if the corresponding Tits quadrangle is, in fact, a Moufang quadrangle. Anisotropic quadrangular algebras were classified in the course of classifying Moufang polygons. In this paper we extend the classification of anisotropic quadrangular algebras to a classification of isotropic quadrangular algebras satisfying a natural non-degeneracy condition.