In this paper, I argued the following two points on Japanese industrial cooperative 産業組合 in 1930s. The first one is that the administrative power had been interfering in the establishment and using framework of cooperatives. Especially, in 1930s economic reform movements, the state and local governments pushed on interfering all cooperatives to incorporate into those movements. The second one is that the village societies, the bases of almost cooperatives, had each informal standard to unfit regal and rational standard of administration, though those had each self-government capability, unlike Chinese and South-East Asian village societies. And therefore to push on interfering by governments showed open the informal actual states of village societies in 1930s. I will explain these points in detail. I have tried to prove how proper is self-government village society theory by Hitoshi Saitou, in the case of Yamaguchi-Prefecture that has the historical materials of the inspection on 1930s cooperatives in the Prefecture aria. They show us that all cooperatives was called out for the villager's payment assist of the huge debt by 'Tanomosi-Kou' 頼母子講, the economic control of villages by the united sell and buy and the support drafted villagers or their families into the Japan-China War and so on. At the same time, they show that the cooperative lending to villagers and united buying payment of them became not a little irrecoverable for the thick human relations in village societies. And those facts became open by the governmental inspection in 1937. That is, the 'public' was different level between in the village societies and in governments.

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The Cooperative Credit Societies were one of the influential rural organizations established under the supervision of the Government-General of Korea with the aim of stably controlling rural colonial Korea. In this paper, the characteristics of the Cooperative Credit Societies as a "colonial financial institution" are analyzed, paying special attention to the performance of its loan project. They were similar to rural cooperatives in contemporary mainland of the Japanese Empire, with some important distinctions. First, the managing directors of each Cooperative Credit Society were directly appointed by the Governor-General of Korea, and eventually three-fourths of them were Japanese. Second, the savings project was open to non-members and the share of the non-members' savings was rather large. Third, the purchasing and selling projects were passively conducted. Generally, the loan project of a cooperative includes many loans without pledges that are based on inter-personal trust. In the case of the Cooperative Credit Societies in colonial Korea, however, inter-personal trust did not work sufficiently for two reasons. On the one hand, the Japanese managing directors who were in charge of the credit research of the members exhibited prejudice against the Korean members. On the other hand, the Korean members displayed cynicism or antipathy toward the Cooperative Credit Societies, which they regarded as a subcontractor organization of the colonial ruling power. As a result, the poor Korean members who had few securities for a loan were alienated from the loan project of the Cooperative Credit Societies.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the actual condition of rural society and local administrative system in the Jiangsu (江蘇) and Zhejiang (淅江), and to explain that the actual condition restrained execution of the cooperative policy. In the rural societies, there were a few people who sympathized with the policy, and there were a few people who carried out the policy. In particular, many non-literacy people existed in sharecroppers and poor peasants, and lacked the organizational ability of the cooperative. Systematization of the cooperatives was progressed under initiative of some intellectual people and primary school teachers in a few regions. But these cases were rare existence in vast rural society of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang. On the other hand, the local administrative system was also flimsy. This was the major factor which made progress of cooperative policy difficult. Furthermore, the difficult factor of the cooperative policy was the state of rural society. That is, since a natural village lacked an autonomous function, it did not become the motion to set up the cooperative with a united effort in a village. In the case of Japanese cooperative, it became the constituent's council system, and as long as the landlords resided in the autonomous village, they also had to follow the resolution. As opposed to it, in China, the cooperative did not become the constituent's council system, therefore democratic control was difficult. Therefore, there were many cases that partial members, such as the landlords, rich farmers and merchants, managed arbitrarily the cooperative.

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This paper is concerned about relationship between geographical enlargement of empire and innovation of technology. This paper focuses on Saghalien Central Experiment Station which was established in 1929 and had a public role of the innovation in agriculture, stockbreeding, forestry and fishery of Karafuto. The subjects of this paper are; firstly, clarifying the actual conditions and achievement of innovation by SCES. Secondly, clarifying the relationship between SCES and the colonial people. Thirdly, clarifying the ideology shared with engineers of SCES. These points are analyzed basing on publications of SCES itself and other media of Karafuto. SCES had consisted of four departments and a branch at 1929, and it established two departments and two branches by 1942. The core part consisted of the agriculture, stockbreeding, forestry and fishery departments. The climate condition of Karafuto restrained the agricultural departments from improving rice farming technique and the agricultural and migration administration demanded people to introduce self-sufficient farming style. The agricultural department placed an emphasis on improvement of eating oat, wheat and plants native to Karafuto. The stockbreeding department placed an emphasis on innovation and promotion of dairy farming and its consumption of the production. However, these promotions of the innovations demanded people to change their culture of daily life. The engineers appealed to the colonial people for promotions of the innovations on publications of SCES and other newspapers and magazines published in Karafuto. Their appeals were based on a regional ideology which was shared among the colonial intellectuals. "The East Asia Northern Development Exposition" -which was held in 1939 as the tenth anniversary of SCES represented the ideology. The enlargement of the Japanese Empire demanded technical innovations for adaptation to natural environmental differences of Karafuto. When it came to the stage for the promotion, the changes derived from the promotion were rationalized by the ideology based on the regionalism.

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Many researchers have analyzed the making of landlord system in the Edo period. There are many studies that pay attention to the increase of productivity, but few studies that pay attention to "nawanobi" and the formation of tenancy custom including it. The term "nawanobi" refers to the difference between the registered area on the land surveying books and the actual area. The purpose of this paper is to show the possibility that "nawanobi" and the formation of tenancy custom including it can be the formation of landlord system in the Edo Period by a case study of Ito county in Kii. The Tanaka family, the largest landlord in Kami-gumi in Ito county in the upper Kinokawa river basin, accumulated about 14ha of land in the middle of the 18th century and the accumulated land included large "nawanobi". In those days, the village where they lived in fell into ruin. The reason that the landlord system in the Edo period developed in such a situation was the tenancy custom to decide the quantity of farm rent in kind as the main standard at the actual area including "nawanobi". This custom made it possible that the landlord obtained profits from "nawanobi" by being based at the actual area. After the formation of Kishu feudal clan, the productivity increased. But the landlord couldn't obtain enough profits with that alone because the feudal rent in kind was high. The profits from "nawanobi" were important so that the landlord could obtain enough profits. In conclusion, the formation of tenancy custom including "nawanobi" under the fixed high feudal rent in kind made and developed the landlord system in the Edo period in the upper Kinokawa river basin. "Nawanobi" and the formation of tenancy custom including it took the important part in the making of landlord system in the Edo period.

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Since the German Reunification, many papers and books have been accumulated on the agricultural policies of the Socialist Unified Party (SED) and its agricultural collectivization. However, we can point out a shortage of the focus on the southern region in the former German Democratic Republic (DDR) and its speciality, gardenings, which was also involved in collectivizational policy and transformation to the gardening collectives (GPG). In this paper, we'll analyse archive materials and compare the examples to some historical descriptions written in the period of the former East Germany. Among these Erfurt's local histories in DDR-era stressed on the fact that Erfurt had had a long tradition of gardenings, but the tradition was once corrupsed by the Hitler's total war, and it was rebuilt and had developed rapidly and constantly under the SED-gardenings policies. They mentioned also that its clear expresstion was the international gardening expositions in Erfurt. In conclusion, we'll reach better comprehension apart from the causational descriptions about the fact was a sort of innovated tradition.

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