Computer risk models and specialized software are necessary to understand, manage and mitigate the impacts of natural and technological hazards to the built environment. Researchers and practitioners alike develop and use such models on a constant basis. As a result, the models are continuously evolving to adapt to new technologies, new data and research outcomes. The majority of the risk analysis software developed up to now is closed in nature. In addition to that, risk software and models currently available to researchers have been developed in a hierarchical closed “Cathedral” fashion and as a result cannot respond quickly to new knowledge. Currently, many researchers and practitioners lack efficient and transparent tools and methods needed for an overall understanding of the nature of risk. The usual pattern is for researchers to either “re-invent the wheel” by writing from scratch similar software or abandon possibly fruitful studies. In order to deal with the needs of the researchers and practitioners, a new approach to risk analysis called Open Risk Analysis (ORA) based on the Free/Open Source Software development open “Bazaar” paradigm was created and promoted by the Alliance for Global Open Risk Analysis (AGORA). This paper discusses this new paradigm, presents some of its methodologies and one example of a tool developed within AGORA.

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From the results of the safety construction management carried out to steel arch bridges, the new erection design method based on fail safe concepts and the monitoring system to observe factors having influence on bridge behavior and conditions for safety were confirmed possible to be indispensable elements of technology in order to perform the safety construction management, but, they were not still shown to be rational and effective. Therefore, in this paper, through the application of risk-based engineering to the steel bridge constructions, the concepts and procedures of fail-safe design and monitoring were arranged, and it was examined whichever they were more rational and so on. As a result, the risk-based construction and management was verified to insure safety under erection and to be no problem in practical use.

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In this study, we performed present conditions analysis from periodical road surface property findings and built a framework for minute maintenance plan. And we examined a road structure body and the data which, in addition, could become the damage factor as pavement maintenance information data model based on JHDM. We developed a pavement support system with the data, and, any place other than a repair place of maintenance plan by the conventional road surface damage evaluation technique of management standard, examination inspects a function to perform the damage cause investigation about a structural road surface damage place discovered in check every day and data analysis.

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When planning the disaster prevention, it is dangerous to actually make the evacuation experiment in the close space such as under ground shopping center. Therefore, the simulation on a computer system is general. In this report, the authors focused on the information transition between pedestrians and a leader for escape, and the ability of a leader. Especially, discussion is made on the implementation of leader's ability that knowing the route to nearest exit, and the implementation of transition of the information about the nearest exit.

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In this paper, the fire spreading simulation at the time of large earthquake in which authors have been developing was improved.
Specifically, automatic extraction of simulation data was attained so that residents and administration could extract data by themselves. Furthermore, we developed the system which enables to grasp the effect of many concrete measures based on the simulation, such as city planning, fire-resistance and incombustibility of building, and the arrangement effect of fire prevention trees were applied. The developed system will be utilizable for decision of an evacuation plan, and implementation of a fire drill as well as raises awareness of disaster prevention for the residents and administration. Finally, the future subject is arranged.

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In this study, an evacuation simulation system is developed to materialize a speedy evacuation in medical facilities. In development of the system, evacuation actions of people are reproduced by using CA (Cellular Automaton) method. To improve the reality of the system, the experiments on movement speed for various movement means are carried out and decided the movement probability in simulation. And then, by using this developed system, simulations are carried out for a medical facility, and it examines quickly and appropriately contingency planning and evacuation planning that follows disaster prevention manual.

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Rational maintenance management, and is reasonable the superannuation of the existing steel bridge in our country is an urgent problem. It is necessary to evaluate the influence which factors of the uncertainties such as corrosion, fatigue crack of the steel material, residual stresses, and no initial imperfection exert on power of the steel bridge properly about propriety to control the existing steel bridge safely. In this thesis, the simulator system that uses the Monte Carlo method is proposed as a technique by which safety is evaluated to an uncertain factor. There is a possibility to become a useful tool to be able to facilitate the evaluation of safety comparatively by making such a system, and an easy analytical case is shown, and the direction of the future is considered.

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The Hanshin Expressway has developed Bridge Management System (H-BMS) for efficient maintenance and rehabilitation management. H-BMS has function to calculate optimal repair policies by minimizing life cycle costs (LCC), and simulate future condition state and repair costs. H-BMS also has function to determine repair priority. H-BMS uses Latest inspection data and traffic data for improving accuracy. These data are stored in Maintenance Information Managemant System which is the database system of the Hanshin Expressway. H-BMS directly reads necessary data from the database system. H-BMS will be developed for more efficient maintenance and rehabilitation management.

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Recursive model of open channel networks, including not only open channels but also small networks in itself, is configurated using an object oriented programming methodology and implemented with Java language. The composite pattern was applied to model the recursive structure of the network with “ channel network” objects and “channel” objects. The bridge pattern was applied to separate the configuration and the function of networks, which expands versatility and reusability of this system. The application of the model is illustrated by an example for unsteady flow analysis. And XML description of this model is proposed with recursive structure of XML documents. It is shown that open channel networks on the computer and those on the XML documents can be easily converted each other.

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The optical fiber sensing methods have been utilized for observation of ground deformation. In this study, performance of a new PE-Pipe optical fiber sensor, developed to increase sensing accuracy, was verified. Firstly, a heat fusion method to connect optical fibers to PE-pipe surface firmly was developed. Next, measurement sensitivity of the PE-pipe optical fiber sensor was verified by comparing pipe strains obtained by strain gages and those by optical fibers through PE-pipe bending experiment. Finally, it is ensured that the PE-pipe optical fiber sensor is applicable for investigation of small range ground deformation through an uneven ground settlement experiment for the PE-pipe sensor.

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Whereabouts confirmation in the outdoor has become easy by GPS, but it is difficult to use in the room where GPS electric waves do not reach. To confirm whereabouts in the room, the authors are examining the detection system with IC tag. In this research, the position of the antenna and the IC tag was examined to detect the person equiped with IC tag when he is standing, sitting and moving. From the result of the experiment with passive UHF IC tag, it was shown that the detection range was 100cm ups and downs from the antenna, alsoit was understood that the detection probability rises most when installing IC tag in lower limbs.

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This study aims to construct a high reliable infrastructural system by using an autonomous distributed fault diagnosis system. Concretely, a real-time fault diagnosis and recovery system of water supply network is developed using an artificial immune system. The process fault as well as sensor one of system is diagnosed autonomously and recovered based on the dynamic network characteristics among of sensors setting in the system. A simple experimental water supply system with five water flow sensors and two water level sensors is considered, and a real-time fault diagnosis and recovery system is built in this experimental system. The usefulness of this proposed system is verified experimentally as well as analytically.

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Recently, rapid and universal transmitting, accumulation and management of various information relevant to road management, is required from the view of efficient and sophisticated management. It is important to manage the information based on location. The road ground control points, which have latitude, longitude and elevation, are developed as infrastructure. The road ground control points are installed at 1 km intervals, namely corresponding to kilo posts. The points are also equipped with IC tag to acquire the information directly in the fields. This paper describes the method of road ground control points development and utilization. In the development, the specification of the road ground control points determined. In order to guarantee the specification, some patterns, which are combination of survey method, accuracy, installation method, cost, and utilization, are discussed. Furthermore, an information system for the road ground control points is developed.. Through the application of the system, availability of the road ground control points is confirmed.

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The road-patrol management system supports road-patrol with recording the situation of the road. However, the road administrator needs improvement of easy update of the map date base on the terminal and cooperation of the road management data base. In this research, a new function to use a completion plan drawing and fundamental road facility property as electronic delivery was added to the road-patrol management system. We reports using completion plan drawing and fundamental road facility property for the road-patrol management system.

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In this study, we evaluate the applicability of RFID tags and developed material management system and the work traceability system in plant construction. The examination results indicate that RFID tags and GPS systems were usable enough. About the work traceability, we solved administrative problems of the digital photographs and suggested a method to prove an original or an imitation of the digital photography. And, it was able to reduce time to search for construction materials by the developed systems and time to make a report using digital photographs.

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The intelligent construction system that streamlines the civil engineering through effective use of information is expected to meet needs for efficient maintenance and management of infrastructure as well as enhancement of productivity. Its application to riverbed earthwork promises a substantial benefit partly because the timeframe available for the work at river sites is restricted to the dry season and also because work progress is frequently retarded by snowfall or other elements. With a view toward betterment of excavation in riverbeds, the Hokkaido Development Bureau of the Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport has been discussing the application of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) to the work, starting in fiscal year 2006. Tasks assigned to basic field tests conducted by the bureau include comparison between the new and traditional technologies. Discussion over the effects to be obtained from the ICT is also made.
This paper explains standard methods for execution, work management, and work form management to be promoted by the bureau for riverbed excavation; workability already verified at test sites; and benefits that could be derived from introduction of the ICT when use is made of a backhoe loaded with 3D design data that basically allows the contractor to dispense with finishing stakes on the strength of electronic data furnished by the owner to the contractor. Simultaneously, the so-called total station is brought into play. Additionally, this paper deals with problems that still remain unsolved in relation to the application of the ICT to job sites and suggests solutions to them.

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Road projects have started to utilize 3-dimensional CAD. However, the terrain data suitable for such designs is still not available. As such, 3 dimensional terrain data is being prepared by manual input during the design phase. This has hindered the improvement of efficiency. The present study was focused on the DM data format used in geographical survey and examined the “Extended DM format data creation specification for road design” for 3 dimensional terrain data.
In this study, the applicability of DM format to the data creation work and its usability in the design phase was evaluated aiming at the expansion of this specification. Further, the specification was modified based on the result, and finally, the software requirements for effective use of the 3-dimensional terrain data were studied.

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[in Japanese]

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Recently, Aesthetic and ecological design was needed with increasing community residents' participatory projects. But It was difficult to considerate the design because of using 2D-data. Furthermore, Construction cost and Engineering requirement were checked as individual. Nearly all, 2D-data for one inspection was difficult to use another inspection. So in this research, we design floodway consider with aesthetic, economic, and functional using 3-DCAD. Try to adjust 3D-data to inspections to manage data between each other. And we verify 3D-CAD's affectivity for floodway design consideration.

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Recently, Technical innovation utilizing ICT was realized in every field. Also in construction field, operational efficiency improvement was hoped between each process of life cycle of construction by managing ICT seamlessly. In this paper, focused on design process, informatization and quality enhancement of design phase were tried by using 3D data of construction information management in the life cycle of construction. The 3D-CAD was set on the base of design data, the whole of space of project area which contained designed objects, existed objects and the geography was considered totally from various aspects. Apply the method to a railway station vicinities improvement project and diversion aqueducts design, the proposed method was verified its effectiveness. Then the results of effectiveness and potentiality from case examples were considered.

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Pointing out limitations of observing slope failure trigger factors (i. e., rainfall, earthquake, weathering, etc.), we have tackled the development of a web-based Trigger Factor Inverse analysis system for slope failure hazard mapping (TFI-web). Through the measurement equation defined between “unobserved trigger factor” and “observed causal factors (i. e., satellite remotely sensed data, geographical information) ” and the trigger factor can be estimated inversely by the TFI-web, which consists of the following systems: i) Pre-processing system, ii) Analysis system, iii) Post-processing system, and iv) Information providing and management system. The functions for making the causal factors (i. e., input data sets) belong to the pre-processing system. Based on the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the inverse analysis of trigger factor can be carried out with the analysis system. The post-processing system supports the editorial works for the trigger factor influence maps, as well as the statistical measurements in analysis. Furthermore, the information providing and management system assumes a role to provide and manage those data sets. The system designs on the TFI-web would become a significant guide for constructing the related system including models on spatial data integration and analysis under the internet-environment.

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RTK-GPS is one of the GPS positioning methods which enables real-time and high accurate positioning and is applied in surveying, machine control and so on. But the characteristics of RTK-GPS were mainly inspected on the observation with fixed antenna, and not with roving antenna. The authors have inspected the accuracy and initialization time of RTK positioning with roving antenna comparing with fixed antenna, and showed that the accuracy and initialization time did not differ with roving antenna and with fixed antenna. Also it was shown that the accuracy of north-southward is less than that of east-westward both with fixed antenna and roving antenna due to the geometrical allocation of satellites.

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GLONASS is a global positioning system launched and operated by Russia. The effect of the improvement of shortening the initialization time of RTK and the improvement of the measurable range by using GPS together with GLONASS are expected because there are a lot of numbers of usable satellites by GLONASS. In this research, the authors executed basic experiment on the effect of using with GPS together of the GLONASS. As a result, it was confirmed that the initialization time shortened 10 seconds on the average besides the FIX accurate measurement rate improved by 30% at a maximum.

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In the telecommunications sector, the demand of non-telephone system such as the Internet expands, and needs of speeding up of the transmission rate have expanded. So the migration from metallic-cable-based communication to optical-cable-based communication has been advanced. But metallic cables and optical cables have coexisted to maintain the metallic cable equipment for telephone service. We have developed the simulation techniques diagnosing the status of supply and demand of communication infrastructure facilities using GIS.

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As a promising tool for By measuring the increase of the greenhouse gas which assumes carbon dioxide (following CO₂) a representative, we propose to adapt the IC sensing tag. However, the method to grasp the CO₂ density in the urban area is difficult, and it is convenient to utilize the data such as the traffic density in a model type when we evaluate the variation of CO₂ volume in the objective area in many cases. In this study, therefore, we attempt to build a system for observing CO₂ density in Ibaraki prefecture in cooperation with the local government. Anyone can see and utilize information through a network if this would be successful. We aim at getting the data in order for us to contribute to the city formation with less environmental impact and reduction of CO₂ in the urban area, by incorporating the data on climate change and land use improvement.

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Various instruments exist in the survey equipments, but topographic survey with conventional instruments requires many times and labor. The three dimensional laser scanner appeared in recent years can get a lot of data in short time. The authors examined the applicability of laser scanner to road surface measurement, and deliberated valid range of point crowd data. Cross sections, contour figures, and mesh grid points were used for evaluation. The authors got numerical value 35m, 45m according to the surface conditions from the laser scanner position as valid range to evaluate the road surface shape with the LMS-Z420i.

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At the 1995 Kobe Earthquake, many narrow roads were blocked by collapsed houses and telegraph poles. As a result, emergency vehicles could not pass and serious trouble of rescue and restoration activities was caused. From viewpoint of post-earthquake countermeasure, we have a new appreciation that it is very important to both quickly and exactly grasp the damage situation immediately after an earthquake. However, great time and labor are needed to grasp the damage situation in a wide-scale disaster. In this study, image analysis of air photos was found to be useful to understand various damage situations extensively and immediately. We developed a method of automatic extraction of damaged building areas using only edge information.

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Inundation analyses based on an unstructured mesh model were performed. The method gives detailed consideration to the geometrical shape of the geography and composition. Using other analytical results obtained before and after land subsidence that took place in the region, a comparison was carried out to show the influence of land subsidence on inundation damage. Results indicate the necessity for evaluating inundation damage in consideration of the future land subsidence. In addition, the current study presents a GIS-aided procedure for inundation analyses using an unstructured mesh model that facilitates production of information used for inundation analysis for sites that have undergone land subsidence over a long period.

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To estimate condition of river ecosystem in past, we developed a system which quantitatively reconstruct physical environment information and river flooding condition. The system have characteristic which reconstruct river morphology and flooding condition from topographic map and measurement of river channel morphology, using Geographic information System (GIS), image analysis and numerical simulation. The water lever of river flood condition in 1892 which is reconstructed by the system matched with the result of water level recorded in past document. The result indicated the efficiency and possibility of the system in river ecosystem restoration project.

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The mechanism which is available to compiled massive information easily and correctly is needed to utilize the information for infrastructure management. In this study, we researched how to accept various types of information through one unified way. We adopted RSS which is able to express geospatial information as this settlement of the issue. And we built up“specification standard to coordinate information geospatially” by this research. In addition, we constructed “the Platform System for infrastructures management by Geospatial Information” to verify this standard and its effect. We confirmed that various types of information such as legacy system data, real-time sensor data, WEB, general documents, are incorporated easily and also that information visualized on this platform by GIS and BBS became easily accessible.

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Recently, for the development of information technologies, everyone could use some services using digital map with PC and mobile phone. Then, the map user can utilize various information in the digital map because the geographical information is arranged and expanded. However, there is the problem that it is difficult for the map user to understand necessary information because there are too much information offered to them. In this research, we investigate to make hand-written map, to choose the information, and to set on the map. Using the information obtained by the investigation, we verity the optimal information arranged on a map according to the scale. Moreover, the optimal expression of the digital map according to the scale is realized on the display.

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Recently, many cities in Japan face problems such as decline of downtown areas, aged society with a fewer number of children, dependence on automobile traffic, etc., and redesign of public traffic is thought to be one of the solutions for those problems. Thus, the introduction of LRT is investigated in various places. However, when a public traffic system like LRT is introduced, it is necessary to consider not only an aspect of transportation but also landscapes and future city plans. Therefore, city planners are required to deal with the workshop-type design process with citizens, companies, NPOs, etc. In this research, requirements of the VR system for LRT projects were studied, and the system that enables the examination from various aspects of traffic, landscapes, city planning, etc., was designed.

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This paper presents a large-scale finite element modeling and visualization for wind flows. The modeling method using GIS/CAD data is developed to prepare the accurate urban model. The visualization based on virtual reality is applied to evaluate the mesh quality and computational results. The present method is shown to be a useful tool to simulate the wind flows in urban area.

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Simultaneous occurrence of fires is one of the characteristics in an earthquake. Fire-fighting activities according to the extinguishing priority are important in order to minimize the damage, because the capacity of fire-fighting force is limited. In this study, the system to assign the order of extinguishing priority to the houses on fire is developed, in which the damage such as the number of collapsed houses, household units and burnt area is to be minimized. Based on the simulation of urban spreading fire using Petri-net, the order of extinguishing priority is determined by the comparison of effect by extinguishment of each house on fire. The movements of spreading fire and the effect by extinguishment, which change with time, can be expressed visually.

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Recently, the computerization and the use of information have advanced in various fields. At construction sites, information integrated construction is carried out in order to make good use of computerization and construction information. However, data used for information integrated construction is separately defined and a variety of definition methods are applied, so it is difficult to share and link different construction information. Past research, that has been performed to establish a data definition method, in order data exchange standards to function as an information exchange base, permitting the sharing and linking of construction information data. Through this research, the authors have prepared a data dictionary and the guideline for making data dictionary to resolve problems with past research. And we offer our achievement as a data exchange standard.

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To decide a road maintenance plan, it is necessary to predict future traffic volume of the road by analyzing and understanding the present traffic volume. Currently, investigators measure the traffic volume manually using counters. Recently, with the development of information technology, automatic measurement using a digital video camera has been undertaken experimentally. However, this method is not able to accurately measure the flow of a moving object in the case where another objects exist and thus, automatic measurement of the flow of a moving object has not yet to be realized. In this research, the direction vector of a moving object is calculated. The moving object is identified based on angle and size of the direction vector. In addition, based on the results of identifying the moving object accurately, the flow of pedestrians is accurately measured.

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This paper presents an improvement of the duties process for working form in consideration of the characteristics of river works. Furthermore, two inspection methods are illustrated, one is distance-calculating method, other is coordinates- comparing method. And experiment is carried out at Yunoura river in the Kumamoto prefecture. Finally, we discuss about the result of test and show effectiveness and possibility of proposed methods.

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This study presents a high speed and precise inspection system that allows remote measurement of cracks using a light wave camera with built-in crack scale. Its applicability is shown with a long and large bridge in Aomori Prefecture which leads Japan in bridge asset management.
Through this study, not only have such technical issues as the hazard and time limitations in constructing temporary footholds been provided fundamental resolutions but also timely production of crack measurements, coordinate conversions and transformation into CAD drawings have become possible, to create a unique crack measurement and 3D database management system.

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We have developed a visual simulation system based on construction of scenario Petri Net with regional map in the background to support resident participation for refuge planning. In this study, we propose to use portable GPS and construct basic part of refuse scenario Petri-Net directly based on GPS data of residents behavior in order to support more direct participation. For this task, we develop a procedure system to generate a file called as Petri Ndata based on GPS data of residents behavior and to convert the file into the Sdata file and demonstrate this procedure system for refuse planning in an intermediate mountainous area.

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