Civil engineering structures in general used to put more greater value to economics and rationality than to design style except in the case of bridge construction. But recently, the engineering interest has increasingly core to turn to landscape planning, specifically styling in their design, and now the relevant problems are beginning to be better understood. It was felt as important in planning for preservation or restoration of heritage of old structures that design features in their styling be preliminarily surveyed in detail. From this point of view, this paper purports to characterize and classify the existing tunnel portals. The object of this study was railway tunnels constructed by government or private railways in the period from Meiji to Taisyo Era in Kinki district, specifically the features of their portals to be investigated through external observations in detail. The findings from the survey may be summarized as follows;(1) the tunnels investigated feature a wide variety of portal styles;(2) the features depend on difference in the line or length of tunnel as well as in the age built; and (3) some decorative details exhibit distinctive techniques of high quality.

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This paper contains, firstly, a preliminary review on the “General survey of civil engineering heritages in the Chubu Provinces constructed between 1867-1945”; secondly and mainly, a proposal on the judgment criteria evaluating their importance as heritages from engineering viewpoint especially with regard to the road bridges, which forms more than 40 per cent of all structures. This survey, organized by JSCE, is the first trial of this kind, and is expected to be a beginning of the forthcoming nationwide survey. In the survey, more than 1000 structures were observed at the site by the author, and were classified into four categories tentatively according to three points of judgment, that is, engineering, aesthetic and genealogical viewpoints. In that occasion, the author were mostly suffered by the judgment of road bridges from engineering aspects, because numbers of bridges were so large and no standard of appraisal. Now that things have come to this pass, the author must have established a judgment criteria on the road bridges from engineering viewpoint based on the bibliographical bridge data of the corresponding era in Japan. And by utilizing the accumulated data, the author tries to explain the decision process of types of bridges in that era.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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This paper deals with the analysis of the characteristics of road network in the whole area of the castle town of Kanazawa at the end of Edo Period. The data is collected from “Kanazawa Kusazu” and “Kanazawa Sokuryo Zuseki”, each of which is a survey map for every streets in the whole area of the castle town at the end of Edo Period. The length, width and gradient of all roads in this town are calculated and analyzed, which is related with the classification of roads and the residents' classes of roadside area.

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[in Japanese]

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The purpose of paper is to analyze the history of parkways in U. S. A. between 1868-1930. The following four stages of its development have been clarified. First, in 1868, the first parkway was established at Brooklyn. The word of parkway was created as an American equivalent of “boulevard” in Europe. Second, between 1870-1890, parkways became essential stems of municipal park system, and it provided a new type of land subdivisions. Third, between 1890-1910, the concept of regional planning was emerged and “City Beautiful” became a nation-wide movement. Parkways were constructed as a symbol of civic center, also they connected outer open spaces and brought the unity to the city. Fourth, between 1910-1930, modern parkways for automobile use were established, and parkwaysb ecame stems of regional planning.

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The aim of this study is to examine the transition of the Comprehensive National Development Plans which were formulated four times after World War II in Japan. The planners of these national plans were coping with the social questions, especially, how to achieve the goal what the people expected the administration for their'better quality of life. The planners in those days also should have taken into account the prevailing theories in foreign countries.
In this paper, I try to make clear what basic thought was in each plan, and then, advocate the existence of a cycle of the ideas in the planning history.

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[in Japanese]

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Japanese river improvement works on flood control have mainly been conducted by the Japanese Government since Meiji era. On these works, government engineers have used modern flood control facilities made from artificial materials, e. g., concrete, steel, etc. Such river improvements have destroyed nature in many river channels. Recently, many people have resisted the superfluous artificial improvements and have wished that the different river improvement works should have been conducted in line with preserving nature in rivers.
Nature conservation has considerably become the priority in many major projects in Japan. This goal has been inculcated among Japanese government officials who are involved in river improvement planning. Unfortunately, the Japanese Government does not have a favorable method of listening public opinions, particularly relating to natural river conservancy. It is hoped that such a method will be created in the very near future.
One conservancy system is the flood control system established in the second decade of 1900 which is financed by the general people living in the Great Miami river basin in U. S. A. This study investigated the flood control history in the watershed. The results from this investigation are as follows: In the history of flood control in U. S. A, the system used in the Great Miami river basin was the first experience in which flood control extended over a wide watershed. New construction techniques were also used in the construction of the dam-reservoir system. Construction, maintenance and control have been supported through taxes collected from people living in the Great Miami river basin. Through years, the system and method used in this basin have become the model of other large watershed flood controls in U. S. A.
Through a study on the flood control history of the Great Miami river basin, useful recommendations can be obtained in consonance with planning new flood control methods in Japan.

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[in Japanese]

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The author has been engaged in a conprehensive historical study on the transportation in the region of Okinawa, the southern-most prefecture of Japan. The study has been done under five historical ages, namely.(1) prehistoric, (2) KO-RYUKYoUr the old Ryukyuan Kingdom, (3) early-modern.(4) modern, and (5) the present ages.
So far the author read three papers related with the study, one on the historical fundamentals.the others on the problems under the age of KO-RYUKYU. and the forepart of present age.
Discussed in this paper are the questions of early modern age including the historical image as a whole, Ryukyu-foreign country relations and traffic, and traffic conditions in the area.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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The line between Takasaki and Naoetu which belonged to the old Imperial Japanese Railways, and the line between Naoetu and Niigata which belonged to the old Hokuetu Railway Company were laid in Meiji Era to link Kanto areas with Japan Sea coast. After Hokuetu Railway Company was bought by the government, these lines were designated collectively as a Shin-etsu line. This report describes the history and present state of railway tunnels, taking an example of Shin-etsu line based on field surveys and historical records. There was on this line some 26 tunnels constructed with Abt track to climb the steep section between Yokogawa and Karuizawa at over Usui Pass. The tunnels between Nagano and Naoetu were constructed in the early stage of tunnel work in Japan, and the tunnels between Naoetu and Niigata were constructed by private railways.
Through investigations of these tunnels, it has made been clear that the original tunnels were abandoned for reconstruction to be electrified and double-tracked, but most of them have remained in original forms, as a valuable heritage from the Meiji Era.

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Arch bridge is one of the bridges which have long time history in the world. It is supposed that the first arch bridge was constructed in the Middle and Near East. From the Middle and Near East, arch bridge technique were transmitted to Rome, China or another country. It is sure that the arch bridge technique was transmitted from China to Japan in the Edo period.
We examine in this paper the possibility that the arch bridge technique was transmitted from China to Japan before the Edo period.
We are proposing that the transmission of the arch bridge technique should be studied with considering another cultural transmission.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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In Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture, the four hundred fiftieth anniversary of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was accomplished in 1992. Corresponding to the event, some arrangements of Okazaki Park have proceeded, which exists in the area surrounded by the River Yahagi's tributaries, where was once the site of Okazaki Castle alias Ryuugajo. As one of arrangements, the aged bridges around the park have improved or reconstructed. It is regrettable, however, a new bridge was reconstruted of iron instead of attractive stones even if it had a short span. It is general that wooden or stone bridges are familiar and attractive to the region roundabout, and they have their own history. The tendency are observed not only in Okazaki City but also all over our country. It has resulted from the reason that the demand for structural safety, fire preventability and durability knock down the one for design quality and historical merit. It is not too much to say that the high economic growth has produced the phenomenon. Recently, environmental problem, landscape problem and problems of historic building's restoration and preservation have been understood by the public, then it is necessary for bridges to concider these problems. In this paper, from the viewpoint of mentioned above, the changes of bridges around Okazaki Park are concidered and a model plan for reconstrution of the aged Shinkyou (bridge built across the pond that was once moat of the castle) is presented.

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The Japan Mail had been published in Yokohama foreign settlement as one of three leading English newspapers in Meiji Era (1880s).
In the summer of 1885, the review appreciating the book titled “A System of Iron Railroad Bridge for Japan” was appeared in the Mail. This book, written by Prof.Waddell of Tokyo Univ., newly recommended American Bridge against English one which had been adopted in Japan, and it is this book that caused this bridge controversy.
American correspondents criticized three great dangers (washout, destruction by wind and derailment) involved in English Bridge, as well as too shallow depth and great secondary strain. British correspondents, responding above, criticized the lack of stability and permanence of the light and cheap American Bridge.
In this paper, this bridge controversy in the Mail is summarized in Table 1, and some historical opinions are examined through the letters in this bridge controversy.
The first is on the Designer of bridges which are imported from England. It is interesting that G. Pole, son of W. Pole, declared in his letter that only 2-kinds of 100ft spans were designed by W. Pole, though every English bridges in those period have been believed to be designed by W. Pole. The second is on the increase of span during Meiji Era. Initially on 1874, 70ft spans were imported from England, which were followed by 100ft in 1876, and after a pause of years, in 1886, they developped to 200ft. These process are confirmed through the letters in this controversy. But, concerning the bridges imported from America for Poronai Railway in Hokkaido, there is a discrepancy between the Mail and common opinion.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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This paper is one of some papers which will be published in this year as a succession of last year's published, “Correspondens among Dutch civil engineers in early days Meiji Japan.”
This paper describes on the social background of river and harbour administration of Japanese Goverment and also provides some new historical facts, based on letters of de Rijke in 1879 to 1889.

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This paper is one of some papers which will be published in this year as a succession of last year's published, “Correspondence among Dutch civil engineers in earlydays Meiji Japan.”
This paper describes the social background and the process of Kisogawa riverimprovement planed by Dutch civil engineer, J. de Rijke using modern techniques and also provides some new historical facts based on his leters.

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[in Japanese]

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This paper is a Historical analysis of Tokyo urban plannig and it's institutions. Tokyo has about 400 years history from Edo period. But modern Tokyo began from Meiji period about 130 years ago. This paper is a study of this modern Tokyo urban planning, especially the historical transition of Road Planning, Land Use Planning and It's institutions, and also the continuousness and the non-continuousness of this historical urban planning.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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A variety of river improvement works have been put into practice to decrease flooddamages as well as to protect human life and properties, depending on differences ofnatural, historical and social backgrounds inherent to each river system. In particular, the evaluations on whether or not cutoff channel works would succeed vary from river toriver.
The present study addresses the technical background and significance of the Ishikari River cutoff works implemented and their impacts on regional developments in the Ishikari River Watershed and channel regimes of the river.
A hundred and twenty years ago, the extensive plains along the Ishikari River wereentirely covered with large areas of marsh and suffered from flood inundation every year.
These disadvantageous conditions made the plains unsuitable both for human settlementand arable land use. Cutoff channel works were adopted as the main method for loweringboth flood water and groundwater levels, and hence reducing the frequency of inundationdue to floods.
This paper clearly demonstrates that the cutoff works played an important role inaccelerating the degradation of river bed, increasing the discharge capacity and stabilizingthe river channel in the Ishikari River.

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Rapid economic development of Japan in the modern history islargely attributable to the growth of transportation network. Aseffects spatial agglomeration in Tokyo has accelerated, resulting incongestion and high land prices. Here we conduct a fact findingstudy on spatial agglomeration and transportation improvements in Japan from Meiji era. In regards we have compiled data on prefecturalpopulation, employment, and inter-prefectural travel times from1884-1985 over a study area from Sapporo to Kagoshima. Thereby weinvestigate the developments in transportation network and theprocess of spatial agglomeration through concepts of rank distributions, Lorenz curve, potential and gravity models.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development history of thetransportation on Hakone and Tomo-no-ura.
Hakone and Tomo-no-ura which have characteristics of beautiful view, transportation of Korean correspondent, were key point of transportation inold time, and now both town aim to locate to sight seeing.
Until Heian-period, people used Usui-michi which has two-peaks, because of wonderful view point of Mt.
Fuji from Otome-mountain-pass. They who had not achance of travel, went to the heavy trouble route, Usui-michi, as theydesired to see the magnificent spectacle of Mt. Fuji. Hakone has been a tourist resort for long time. The reason is that Hakonehas not only natural resourses of Mt. Fuji and hot springs, but also an artgallery, natural museum, Music Festival and so on.
Tomo-no-ura, situated about 14km to the south of Fukuyama Station is abeautiful place representing the Seto inland Sea National Park, where wecan enjoy picturesque views of green islands in the calm Seto Sea. The townhas been prosperous as a port town where ships wait for turning of the tidein the Sea.
The view from Tomo-Taichoro at Tomo-no-ura is spectacular, “Eastern Japan'smost seenic beauty”, as praised by a Korean correspondent in 1711.

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