HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Among arch bridges built with brick in Meiji Era in Northern Kyusyu district, there are some which are characterized by having a structure finished with indented brickwork. This structure has generally been viewed as a decoration adding to the beauty of these bridges. But the author has discovered after field survey that the structure has a practical, nondecorative purpose to be ready for future double-tracking, because it is seen on one side alone of track. Similar feature is observed with abutment of girder bridges, too; and the direction of indentation agrees with the doubletracking on the plot intended for future work. This paper describes the present state of these structures, and discusses their objective.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development history of the Capital City of Washington, especially forousing on the McMillan Plan in 1902.
The following three. points have been clarified.
First, the McMillan Plan caused a nation-wide civic art or civic improvement movement, and finally, it created the professional field of the city planning. Second, the concept of the park system was established as the fundamental structure of the city and it gave a great influence in the development of the metropolitan park system and the green-belt concept. Third, through the study of the Mall, it was clarified that the characteristic of the civic landscape which symbolized the nation was its flexibility and freedom.

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Modernization of civil engineering techniques began during the industrial revolution. At the beginning of this modernization in Great Britain, one of the famous men had achieved great works. His name is Thomas Telford. He had constructed many bridges, roads, canals and harbours. Likewise, he was elected the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in Great Britain.
Although his name is familiar to Japanese Civil Engineers, his works, however, are not. So, this study researches on his works, and considers how he introduced new civil engineering techniques. Likewise, this study researches on the paper titles that garnered Telford Medals and Premium. These prizes, proposed by Telford, are the highest award offered to outstanding papers in the Institution of Civil Engineers until today. Using this paper title list, this study is also aimed at tracing the development of modern civil engineering techniques in Great Britain.

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Yodogawa bridge is rivet-connected Petited type truss bridge carrying double railway line with single span of 540ft, truss height 80ft and weighted 1, 810ton. Here, starting from historical background, basic shape (span, height), weight and design loads are compared with other railway truss bridge for the understanding of general feature of this bridge.
On 1927, Yodogawa bridge was planned to cross the Uji river in the establishment of new railway line which would connect 2 old capitals Kyoto and Nara by the shortest route. For this crossing, initially, the combination of popular 70ft&40ft-span bridges is proposed, which is rejected by the army because the piers of the bridges interrupt the practice in the riverside. To solve this problem, single bridge spanning 540ft was proposed, which was almost double the maximum span of 300ft-standard bridge designed by T. Cooper of U. S.
Each of the design loads (Live, Impact and Wind) applied on this bridge are compared with the corresponding loads specified in the present Japanese standard. The Combined design load-value of the most important load combination case (Dead+Live+Impact Loads) is proved to be appropriate even from the standpoint of present load conditions.
After the detail inspection and planning, repair work mainly on the shoe was performed in 1983. And now, Yodogawa bridge is expected to keep working as the longest railway truss bridge of single span in Japan.

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