The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological features in puberty and "ijime(bullying)".In the prestudy, 7 college students(6 females and 1 male)were interviewed about experiences of "ijime" in puberty.The analysis of episodes suggested that 4 psychologigal features("selfcognition being influenced by other", "dependence on friends", "immature self-disclosure", "whether peer-relation is friendly")were related to "ijime" in puberty.In addition, it was assumed that there are general pubatal features("independence of adults", "lonliness in self-awareness")underlying "ijime" phenomenon.In the main study, the questionnaire was administrated to the 5th graders(N=120, 58 boys and 62 girls), the 8th graders(N=129, 70 boys and 59 girls)and the 10th graders(N=157, 83 boys and 74 girls).The questionnaire consisted of 24 items, two of which asked experiences of "ijime"("I think I'm being bullied by my friends"and "I think I'm bullying my friends.")and others of which were about psychological features in puberty and "ijime".Their responses were factor analyzed with varimax rotation.Consequently, six factors("self-esteem", "dependence on friends", "good relation with friends", "immature self-disclosure", "disobedience to adults", "self-cognition being inflenced by others")were gained.Six scales based on the extracted factors were analyzed with a age(3)×sex(2)analysis of variance.And these scales were examined in relation the differences of "ijime"experience.The main result were as follows.First, 8th graders "self-esteem"was lower than 10th graders', and their self-cognition was easily influenced by others.Second, students in puberty were more disobeient to adults than 5th graders, and friends were very important to them, but they could not disclose themselfves adequately to their friends.Therfore, relation with friends was unstable.Third, the number of attackers was the most in the 8th grade.Forth, the attackers were more disobedient to adults.Fifth, the suffrers were more dependent on their friends and their self-disclousers were more immature.Sixth, the number of those who were both attackers and sufferers had no significant differences both between ages and between sexes.

View full abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the developmental process of expressions of views in children.Subjects were first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth grade elementary school children.In the first study children were interviewed and asked to express their own views opposing against their parents, friends or teachers in 7 scenes.The main results were as follows.1.Children expressed their views in several ways, which included "following the opposite", "telling their behavior", "expressing their feeling", "merely stating the facts", "stating their own views with reasons".2.One type of children always expressed their views in one way.The other type of children expressed their views in various ways according to the characters in the scences.3.As the children's grades were upper, they expressed their views with reasons.In the second study children were asked to fill out a questionnaire composed of 12 scenes with 4 choices.The main results were as follows.1.As the children's grades were upper, they chose the expression with reasons.2.Children were difficult to express their views against the traditional beliefs, e.g."children must eat up a school lunch".3.In childish scenes as "scramble for juice", the upper grade children chose "no-expression and obedience to others".Throughout this study, it was suggested that behavior of expressing own views develops with personalities of children.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the meaning of utterannce that connects real name(ex."mii-chan")with imaginary name("cat").Play of Children(2〜4-years-old)were observed in a daycare center.Paticipating in their make-believe play, we picked up those connecting utterances.15 utterannces of 4 children(range 36-41months)were found and 4 of 3 children(49-53).Younger children connected real names of themselves with imaginned role names, but elder didn't and only connected nurserie's name with imaginned ones.These data were analysed in relation to situations in which children were deeply engaged in playing their imaginary role or explained their role to other members.Intereset to us is in "psychological state"that means child's inner moving attitude toword real and fantasy world.From this viewpoint, it is assumed that connecting utterance shows existence of "undifferentiated psychological state".

View full abstract