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Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
Cover1-
Published: September 30, 1981
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Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
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M. KAMIYAMA, C. SATO
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
1-8
Published: September 30, 1981
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The classic work on children's free play in groups was carried out by M.Parten(1932). She developed an influential coding scheme composed of six categories ranging from onlooker to co-operative play, and concluded that these categories represented the level of social maturity. Recently, Rubin et al.(1976), and P.Smith(1978)re-examined Parten's scheme and concluded that it does not always fit developmental stages. However, these studies could not show which of the conditions for development leads to co-operative play. This study approaches this problem by observing whether children of 3 to 5 years of age could engage in co-operative play. We observed various types of play between an adult and a child. An adult as a partner of play was used so that we could control the adult's attitude to the child during play. This enabled us to set two conditions for our observations and analyse the difference between them. Our data shows that even at the age of 2 most of the children could carry on co-operative play with adults. Using this data we were able to represent the developmental difference among each age group. As our conclusion we suggest that the play characteristic of each age group is as follows. The play of the group of 2-year-olds is mainly at the level of affectional interaction with adults. The group of 3-year-olds has a particular favourite type of play and sometimes this favourite play is given precedence to engaging in interaction with an adult. The group of 4-year-olds clearly recognizes a motivation to carry on co-operative play with an adult. The group of 5-year-olds can take the leadership vis-a-vis an adult during play.
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Michio KAWASAKI
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
9-20
Published: September 30, 1981
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This article investigates the play of the human child in terms of natural history. From the evolutional point of view, we find the play of the young animal in birds and mammals, which have a highly developed form of childcare. In process of childcare by parents, young animals are given the moment of "release", which makes it unnecessary for them to have serious interactions with their environment. However, in order to become smart adults, they must have interactions with their environment and learn as many things as they can. In other words, they must be given the moment of "compulsion". In the present study the author considers the play of the young animal as a behavior which solves the contradiction between the two moments, i.e., "release" and "compulsion". In the human child, this contradiction is the most serious of all animals, which fact forms the physiological basis of the child play. The author also suggests that considerations should be given to some other factors specific to human beings, such as adult play, education, historical development of human society and so forth, for the complete understanding of the play of the human child.
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K. YAGUCHI
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
21-31
Published: September 30, 1981
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K. TAKATORI
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
32-35
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Y. MATSUNO
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
36-38
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
39-40
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
41-45
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
45-48
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
48-49
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
50-51
Published: September 30, 1981
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
51-52
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
52-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
52-
Published: September 30, 1981
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
52-53
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
53-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
53-54
Published: September 30, 1981
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
54-55
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
55-
Published: September 30, 1981
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
55-
Published: September 30, 1981
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
55-56
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
56-57
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
57-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
57-58
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
58-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
58-59
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
59-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
59-60
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
60-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
60-61
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
61-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
61-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
62-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
62-
Published: September 30, 1981
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
63-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
63-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
63-64
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Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
App2-
Published: September 30, 1981
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Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
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Published: September 30, 1981
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Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages
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