In this paper, we study the problem of optimally tuning the robustness of product development processes with respect to disturbances. We first model a product development process subject to disturbances by a linear system having an additive disturbance term. We then introduce a quantity for measuring the effect of the disturbance on the product development process as the l₁-gain of the linear dynamical system. We finally show that the problem of minimizing the l₁-gain subject to a budget constraint reduces to a geometric program, which can be efficiently converted to a convex optimization problem. We provide an illustrative example to illustrate the obtained theoretical results.

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Manufacturing firms are faced to respond flexibly and effectively to a wide range of customer needs. It is a promising direction to simultaneously design product family and supply chain network (SCN) toward such demand. This design problem must be assessed as strategic-level decision making under uncertainties without any detailed and fixed information on design conditions. This paper proposes a mathematical framework for simultaneous design problem with considering their optimal profitability and robustness against facility disruption of SCN. In this paper, we discuss its problem structure of design problem and formulate it as a mixed integer programming. A computational method to solve the optimization problem in which only the profitability is considered as the objective is configured. An assessment procedure for the robustness of the profitability-oriented optimal solution by evaluating the Pareto optimality among the nominal optimal solution and its competitive solutions is proposed. The application of the proposed method with a case study of designing a product family of drip coffee maker is demonstrated in order to verify its effectiveness.

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At the early phase of design, there are many uncertain information, and design information becomes clear as design progresses. The decision making of designers at the early phase of design has a significant influence on the latter half of the design. However, the required performance often changes due to the design change at this phase, therefore, it is difficult for the designer to make appropriate decisions. In the conventional design method, design solutions are derived by defining design variables as point values and iteratively calculating until the defined required performance is satisfied. In order to support designers’ decision-making, this paper derives various range solutions that satisfy multi-objective requirements and purposes the indices that evaluate the robustness of performance, the desirability of performance, and the desirability of design variables, and the design intent of the designer is visualized. The effectiveness of the proposed decision-making support system is demonstrated by applying it to the case of one degree of freedom vibration system.

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In early stage of design process, it is hard to find appropriate system requirement of design parameters even if designers have simulation model because there are many uncertain elements. However, mature designers are good at understanding what simulation results mean, so they can tune parameters well. This research focuses on this understanding process, and propose a system to help designers interpret important information from simulation results. This system can make unexplainable process clear and help designers to find more appropriate system requirement. In this paper, the understanding process was modeled with viewpoint of reducing rework, and two important points of design parameter was mentioned. One is power of binding other design parameter, which affects changeability of later design process. The other one is power of fluctuation in non-design parameter, which affects stability and complexity of system. To quantify these points, experimental design method and quality engineering are employed. The next step is to propose how designers can easily understand the perspective through design parameters’ condition. At the present stage, DSM and network visualization are seemed good, and considered using.

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In the optimal design, it is important to share and reuse knowledge acquired by designers in order to enable efficient design. The critical issue is to capture the implicit reflective process in which designers acquire a knowledge. This research proposes a descriptive management method which can categorize and capture the reflective process with a process modeling method IDEF0. In IDEF0, a process is represented by a single box and an input / output relationship of four arrows. This research redefines these constituent elements and adds new nodes and arcs to represent optimal design. The ability of the proposed descriptive management method will be verified by a case study of optimal design of desiccant air conditioning system. This paper also discusses the prospects for the design support framework.

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By creating a frame structure of a new layout and dividing it into modules with little coupling with each other, we have found out the assembly unit of the product and the assembly process with less rework. Replacing with a lightweight material is an effective method for reducing the weight of the structure, but in order to minimize the influence such as adhesiveness and difference in coefficient of thermal expansion due to the use of different materials, it seems reasonable to replace by region based on function. Therefore, we constructed a system for structural evaluation by replacing the characteristic of the material and the cross section that maintains equivalent stiffness for each module. We present the method of constructing the system and the effectiveness confirmed by applying it to the box structure.

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Design structure matrix (DSM) is an effective tool for product architecture design. Product architecture design is important, because it has broad implications for product performance, product change, product variety, and manufacturability etc. Therefore, product architecture is required to satisfy various requirements from those domains into consideration and the scope of product architecture design has been expanded from relationships between functions and components to relevant domains. Following this, DSM-based product architecture methodologies have integrated interactions of multiple domains in the form of multi domain matrix (MDM). Since MDM is a developing tool, suitable domains and analytical methods for product architecture design have not been clarified. This paper discusses domains of DSMs and applied DSM analysis methods in DSM-based product architecture design methodologies from the point of view of product types and production methods. Following such a discussion, we present the concept of choice of domains and analysis methods for various category product ’s architecture design.

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Faced with a changing about global environmental issues, there are great expectations to optimize energy saving design in home appliance products. Also, variety series design method for mass customization with platform common architecture and modular design using standardized devices (e.g., Insulator layout design, Heat exchanger, Compressor and FAN flow rate balance, etc.) is highly needed to reduce the product total cost and development lead time. This paper presents a load leveling type front loading development using product platform strategy, and effectiveness of proposed method is proved quantitatively in actual domestic refrigerator development process.

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The sense of agency (SoA) refers to the subjective awareness of voluntary control over actions in the external world. SoA in a man-machine interface involves an actual feeling that one is controlling a machine by his/herself and possibly provides a satisfaction in use of a machine. SoA is affected by characteristics of sensory responses to the user’s operations. Recent digitalization decreases or eliminates sensory responses such as sound and vibrations caused by a mechanical structure and its behavior. Additional sensory responses need to be designed to ensure certain SoA. This study aims to find the effect of characteristics of sensory responses on SoA. We investigated effects of kinds of sensory modalities: no response(N), only sound(S), only vibration (V), and their combination (SV) (experiment 1) and expectation congruity between expected and actual sensory responses on the intensity of SoA (experiment 2). We used a single-lens reflex(SLR) camera, which has been digitalized recently, as a case product. We conducted experiments to obtain SoA when pressing the shutter button in different conditions of sensory feedbacks using three measurement methods: questionnaire, intentional binding, and Event related potential(ERP, N100). From the experimental 1, we found that 1) all modality conditions increased the subjective evaluation from the N condition, 2) Both V and SV conditions obtained significantly higher subjective score than V condition, and 3) V condition involved higher IB than both S conditions. These results suggest that sound feedback is effective to provide conscious SoA, and vibration feedback is effective to ensure unconscious SoA. The combination of the sound and the vibration may be good balance to provide SoA in both conscious and unconscious levels. From the experimental 2, we found that 1) correspondence between expected and actual response under certain expectation is effective in the subjective evaluation, and 2) a tone provided higher IB than the shutter sound. These results suggest that expectation congruity is important factor to ensure SoA in conscious level, but simplicity of sensory feedback may be more important in unconscious SoA.

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Novelty is a source of creativity. Acceptance of novelty, however, depends on receiver’s emotions. As MAYA(most advanced, yet acceptable) principle of Raymond Loewy suggested, extremely advanced(novel) design may not be accepted. Our motivation of this study is to mathematically model emotions for novelty and explain how novelty affects emotions. By doing so, we aim to provide a fundamental knowledge to guide innovative design in a systematic manner. The most dimensional models of emotion incorporate arousal (or intensity) and valence (positivity and negativity) dimensions. Novelty provides new information to organism. A large amount of information gain by experiencing a novel event elicits intense emotion such as surprise. We hypothesize that the information gain corresponds to arousal of emotions. Based on Berlyne’s arousal potential theory, we hypothesize that an organism positively accept a novel event providing appropriate amount of information gain which can be cope with. Based on above mentioned hypothesis, we mathematically formalize emotional dimensions with respect to novel event (stimuli). We applied Bayesian theorem to renew subjective probability distributions from prior to posterior by experiencing a novel event. We used Kullback-Leibler divergence between posterior and prior, i.e. information gain, as an index of arousal level. By conducting computer simulation using Gaussian distributions for subjective distributions, we found that prior variance (representing uncertainty) and difference between prior peak and posterior peak (prediction error) interactively affect information gain. While low expectation discrepancy, the higher uncertainty, the more information gain. However, as expectation discrepancy increased, the difference of information gain for different uncertainties switch-over. The lower uncertainty, the more information gain. We conducted an experiment with participants using short films where different percussion instruments are tapped. We synthesized different tapped sound to manipulate expectation discrepancy. To manipulate prior uncertainty, we prepared both familiar and unfamiliar percussion instruments. We obtained subjective responses regarding degree of surprise and ERP(event-related potential) P300 representing higher cognitive response to unexpected stimuli. The experimental result showed the interaction effect on both subjective and biological responses so as to support the computer simulation using proposed formulation. This result suggests that information gain can be used as a mathematical index of arousal.

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Risk feeling perceived by a driver against behavior of autonomous driving is an important factor to design an autonomous control that brings appropriate securing trust to the driver. Since risk feeling depends on the sensitivity of a driver, an index capable of quantitatively evaluating the risk feeling is desired. In this study, we propose a risk feeling index that takes into consideration the influence of peripheral vehicles when driving with a level 3 autonomous driving vehicle and following a preceding vehicle on a highway single lane. In particular, we focus on the influence of lateral vehicles, and extract the factor of risk feeling in the situation where a lateral vehicle is possibly to change lanes and come forward and that the side vehicle is running sideways. We derive an index from the analysis of the result of experiments using a driving simulator. Also, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the model from the correlation between the estimated value of the model and the experimental value.

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Recently, from the social background such as owing to aging and internationalization, product design considering the concept of universal design aimed at satisfying various users has attracted attention required. To realize universal design, it is necessary to reflect the corresponding the physical characteristics of diverse users in design values, and to consider the physical burden of the user when utilizing the product. However, a general approach to such design has yet to be established. Therefore, in this research, the authors propose a universal design method that considers the user's physical burden by applying a digital human model. First, the authors defines design variables and constraints conditions based on user needs, and divides design variables into designer-controllable and uncontrollable factors. Next, design variables and constraint conditions are defined as range values, based on the human characteristics database, the user’s physical characteristics are considered. Furthermore, an interval operation is performed using relational expression between a design variable and a constraint condition, and derive design solution candidates satisfying constraint conditions. Then, by evaluating with the arbitrary physical burden indices using digital human model, a design solution satisfying all target users is derived. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by applying it to the design of a working table.

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Working posture of human should be predicted so as to simulate physical workload with the digital human modeling (DHM) simulation. The working posture prediction determines the posture by optimizing predetermined objective functions (hereafter referred to as the posture evaluation function; PEF) such as the sum of joint moments. Previous researches proposed PEFs for different working position (or the hand position), but the consideration on the effect of exerted force of human was not enough. The aim of this study was to investigate required PEFs when considering the difference of exerted force. A pushing task in the sagittal plane was used as the case study, and the joint angles were measured as the reference data with different working height, force direction, and force amplitude. First, the weighted sum of the joint moments and joint angles from the neutral posture (the two-indicator model) was applied as the PEF; however, the PEF could not reflect the difference of force direction when the force amplitude was 0 N. The difference between the force direction and the long axis of manipulability ellipsoid was added to the two indicators, and the PEF was revised (the three-indicator model) so as to consider the effect of force direction on the working posture. The threeindicator model improved the prediction accuracy. We concluded that the three-indicator model was appropriate as the PEF for a task with different exerted force.

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At nursing care sites, patients undergo an exercise regimen as rehabilitation and training for walking disorders. However, it is presumed that their motivation decreases over time because in a nursing home, walking exercises are performed in a closed space and are repetitions of monotonous movements. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a more varied and effective rehabilitation or training method. The purpose of this study is to develop a varied and effective training method wherein the trainee walks while viewing virtual reality (VR) images. Specifically, in the proposed method, the trainee views VR images of walking on a slope, while actually walking on a treadmill, and he/she controls the physical load. In this study, we conducted an experiment using a composed training system with the aim of analyzing the influence of watching VR imagery of walking on a slope on the braking and driving forces while walking on a horizontal treadmill. We improved the VR system to automatically adjust the treadmill speed from the position information of the trainee. Then, comparative experiments of the braking and driving forces were performed for cases of walking while watching images of level and slope grounds. As a result, the walking speed, braking force, and driving force tended to decrease when watching downward slope images compared to watching level ground images. Additionally, the walking speed, braking force, and driving force tended to increase when viewing upward slope images.

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In recent years, styling (shape) of industrial products has diversified, attention is paid to automatic generation technology by computer such as topology optimization method. However, the design evaluation method of the shape is not established, and the designer selects subjectively and inefficiently the shape generated by the computer. This research focuses on “complexity” which is one of the important macroscopic shape features in human shape recognition, and constructed an automatic shape generation system using quantification method of “complexity” of curved surface shape. Specifically, Gaussian curvature integration, which is an index of “complexity”, is incorporated in the process of calculating the fitness of the System for Deriving Diverse Solutions based on emergence. This study constructed a system that generates shapes with arbitrary “complexity”. As a validity verification of the system, a cognitive experiment on "complexity" were conducted using 15 chair shapes generated by the system, and the relationship between the sensory evaluation value and the index was analyzed. As a result, the coefficient of determination by logarithmic approximation is 0.76, the correlation between the index and sensory evaluation value of “complexity” is confirmed.

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This paper describes an application of system for deriving diverse solutions by introducing Additive Manufacturing to a clogs shape and its influence on thinking in the early process of design. Concretely, we confirm that diverse shapes satisfying the mechanical conditions are generated by setting the parameters of the shape modification method obtained by the previous research. Moreover, as a result of output using a 3D printer based on the obtained shape, usable clogs having strength and unique design are produced. In addition, as a result of trial design to analyze the influence of the obtained shape on design development, it is suggested that a design proposal having new shape features is derived by showing the obtained shape.

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This paper describes a feature analysis of generative design researches focused on time series variation. The time series variation of those are organized, and time series changes of the objectives, methods used and solutions are analyzed. Specifically, 98 subjects are evaluated using 19 evaluation items and time series changes are analyzed. In addition, cluster analysis is conducted using the results and classification of research is carried out. As a result, the relationship with the development of computers and Additive Manufacturing technology, the rise of diversity and novelty for the objective, and expansion of the target area are shown.

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In recent years, lectures on design thinking have opened at various universities and educational institution. However, the effect of the design thinking lecture and relationship with conventional engineering design education class has not been discussed well. Here we show the framework and evaluation for the achievement of more effective design education by embedding design thinking lecture at the mechanical engineering department as a course curriculum.

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Students in many universities, technical colleges, and technical high schools are practicing their cutting skills using general-purpose machining tools. However, there may be insufficient guidance due to the lack of the number of instructors and a limitation on the number of general-purpose machining tools that they can use. In this research, we propose a system to support the learning of cutting skills using a virtual reality head-mounted display. Preparing students to use machining tools require many training sessions, especially for cutting using a general-purpose lathe. A user can experience three types of content: drawing, tools, and the general-purpose lathe. This learning system was provided to seventeen students, and we conducted a questionnaire on its ease of understanding, appearance, enjoyability, intuitiveness, and operability. Resultantly, enjoyability and intuitiveness were highly evaluated. The results suggest that our proposed system can be used as a learning method. To improve the operability of the VR system, we can make use of specialized controllers or additional force presentation devices.

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The history of engineering is described to demonstrate how problem finding or problem definition is becoming important in an age of frequent and extensive changes and expanding diversifications. Engineering started with individual products, but as time goes on, product teams become the target of design. And as changes become unpredictable, humans come to work together with machines in the system, although they used to work with machines from outside. IoT connects not only machine to machine, but it also connects machine to human and they can communicate through the internet. Thus, new Design and Design Education are called for to define issues in such a new “Connected Society” we have never experienced.

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It is pointed out that process value is increasing importance, and that Japanese have treasured process value, as is demonstrated by such activities as Flower Arrangements, etc., which are called Do. Ju-do, Ken-do, etc. are martial arts emphasizing process value. In addition, as an example in the West, buildings that survived for a very long time are shown. The reason for such a long life can be attributed to its process value. And finally, as a typical engineering success example of becoming aware of the importance of process value, the characteristics of software development is described.

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Building up trust with possible business partners is essential for value co-creation while planning and establishing a new service system. However, being trustworthy is the initial challenge for each stakeholder when it does not have any business transaction with others in the past. Being trustworthy requires quality, information security, partners’ compliances with laws and regulations, and auditability. A service management system (SMS) is a reasonable solution to grant such requirements. The article demonstrates how our management standard is stipulated from on-site practices and standards; ISO/IEC 20000, ISO/IEC 27000, ISO 9000, ITIL and COBIT, and how an SMS can be developed with the standard in individual organizations. The design paradigm of asset development and reuse can be established on top of the SMS for accelerating digital transformation.

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It is desirable to quantitatively evaluate the level of requirements at various points of view of the companies that participate industry/industry matching and the level of the skill of the coordinator who is involved for the matching. In the present study, it is thought that the situation of the matching is considered to be a multi-objective simultaneous satisficing problem with multiple design variables and PSD (Preference Set-Based Design) method is applied to the problem. By using the data of successful past matching, it was found that the requirement level of the participating company and the skill level of the coordinator can be expressed in the range based on the PSD method.

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In recent years，ideathon has attracted attention due to the opportunity to realize open innovation．In this research a visualization method of group discussion as one of idea creation processes in ideathon．The proposed method employs a visualization method using LDA which is one of topic models along with correspondence analysis and experiments are conducted to verify the feasibilities of the proposed method．By combining correspondence analysis and LDA，it is confirmed that the features of discussions that could not be visualized independently can be visualized．

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This paper addresses an issue of spontaneous software evolution, which is a modern form of software evolution observed in social coding platforms such as GitHub. In the spontaneous software evolution, feature additions and modifications of software are achieved by spontaneous proposals from individual developers, not by the request from the project manager. In this paper, we investigate project factors that can boost such spontaneous software evolution. Specifically, we first introduce a governance framework of the spontaneous evolution, inspired by a smart city execution model, and then consider relevant factors that can motivate developers to propose actions. Finally, we discuss necessary features for the governance framework from viewpoints of (1) motivation of developers, (2) individual sense of value, (3) skill and competency, and (4) characteristics, quantity, and deadline.

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Along with the aging of Japan 's agricultural population in recent years, the food self-sufficiency rate has also declined, and the vitality of agriculture has also declined. In order to revitalize agriculture, integration of producing, processing and distribution is required. In this research, the food supply chain is focused on as one of the efforts. In the food supply chain, it is necessary to know the harvest timing of agricultural crops in establishing sales strategies for the crops. A method to predict harvest from images of agricultural crops using convolution neural network and its effectiveness is verified by computer experiments. By discriminating the testing images using the standard growth image as the training images, the difference from the standard growth rate could be confirmed.

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The equation of the buckling load for the channel beam is derived when the torsional torque and the bending moment act simultaneously. The derived equation was compared with the computation results by the finite element method (FEM), and its validity was examined. The derived buckling equation for only the torsional torque were compared with the computation results by FEM for various dimensions of channel beams. As a result, the buckling torques derived in this report were consistent with the FEM results. However, the buckling torques were a much larger value than the torsional torques appeared in the actual structure.

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Recently, a 3D printing has been widespread in many kinds of fields and used as online services. Most 3D printed objects can be used for prototypes and a little research studies into 3D printing designs for technological functions. This research focuses on the technological functions of 3D printed objects, such as the power transmission. Paradox planetary gears which can be easily 3D printed and expected to utilize for variable machines is employed. The advantage of this gear reducer is that even the small size of gear still has the high reduction ratio. Meanwhile, the power transmission efficiency of a reducer with this gear is low. The four approaches, designing of a gear shape, changing teeth height of a gear, using a carrier which restricts the planetary gear and surface treatments of gear teeth with grinding stones and acetone, are applied to improve the efficiency. The two experiments, one is testing surface smoothness and the other is testing the power transmission efficiency, are conducted to explore how those elements effect on the surface smoothness and the efficiency. The former test results demonstrates that both surface treatments of gear teeth improve the shape of gear and the max convex height in the teeth surface. The specific gear shape with acetone treatment increases the efficiency in the low torque and a carrier raises the maximum efficiency are found out from the later test results. By the efficiency in the low torque, the efficiency of paradox planetary gear is increased maximum 7[%].

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This paper shows the method of evaluating vibration performance in energy dimension for NVH cascading design. The increasing trend toward electric vehicles requires the exploring of cascading design of NVH performance. However, vibration performance of the whole system is determined by coupling of each sub system, it is therefore desirable to account of the coupling of each sub system. In this paper, we focus on expressing a receptance as the sum of the mechanical energy of subsystems by using mean compliance. Then, we show how to associate it with the energy of subsystems in statistical energy analysis and energy distribution analysis. Then, it applies to the simple structure and confirm the validity. Finally, we show that the structural change can be devised from the coupling loss factor of these energy-based analysis methods and the magnitude of receptance of a response evaluation point can be reduced.

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This paper addresses to clarify the contribution of a mass property of a small subsystem to the frequency responses of a whole structure. Based on both a Frequency Response Function (FRF) based sub-structuring and a kernel compliance analysis, it is expected that the control of a mass line of a subsystem’s FRF may dominates the shape the FRF of a whole structure. Our proposed analysis method decomposes, at first, a whole structure of interest into two different sizes of subsystems. In this decomposition, a small part only is subjected to structural changes. Since the FRFs on interface DOFs of these two subsystems dominate the frequency responses of a whole structure and determine the forces transmitted through the interface DOFs, the FRFs on interface DOFs of the small part (subsystem) have also a critical role for determining the frequency responses. However, in the frequency range of lower modes of a whole structure, the FRFs of the small part is simply dominated by rigid body modes and have no resonance. The FRFs in this frequency range are, therefore, dominated by a mass property of a small subsystem. Finally, this paper shows that it is possible to shape the frequency response function of the whole system by changing the small subsystem through a concrete numerical example.

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Self-loosening of threaded fasteners sometimes occurs under dynamic loads such as vibration and shock. For mechanical structures, the self-loosening of threaded fasteners under transversely repeated load is particularly important. Although many parts for preventing the loosening of the bolt joints are evaluated the locking performance of selfloosening, there are not clear about the locking performance of the spring washer. The spring washers are used in many mechanical structures, so that in order to improve the reliability of the bolt joints, it is required to verify the effectiveness about the bolt loosening using the spring washer. In this paper, we clarified the effectiveness of the spring washer about the bolt loosening from the experimental evaluation of the bolt joints using the spring washer under the transverse vibration, and proposed the design guideline to adopt the spring washer based on the result. In the fastening using the spring washer, the lubrication state of the bearing surface and the mounting direction of the spring washer influence the self-loosening with rotation of the bolt joints under the transverse vibration. In order to prevent the self-loosening of the bolt joints using a spring washer, it is necessary to satisfy the condition that the fastening surface does not slip. And the spring washer functions effectively as the bolt tension compensation only when the residual bolt tension is smaller than the contact load of the spring washer.

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In today's actual product developments, product design tends to be separated from product planning. After planning of shape and form of product by designer, its strength is evaluated by engineering analysis, then the product will be finally designed. Even if, there are many well designed forms of products, those sometimes have difficulty to commercialize by conventional method and technique from a restriction of strength and weight. The composite material that are typified by carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) has very high specific strength and low density compared with metals. Here, strength property of CFRP lamination structure should be evaluated before styling of product. We proposed a simplified modeling on CAD to represent the characteristics of CFRP which has high anisotropy. The material characteristics are expressed as a combination of several simple element models. In order to confirm the verification and validation of proposed model, three-point bending test and simulation were performed. Based on the result, its possibility to use for new design product that has excellent styling and enough strength can be examined. As the application of analysis results to product design, CAD modeling of outdoor wheelchairs was performed, and stress analysis was carried out. By using this modeling method, designer will be able to pursue the optimum structure design and styling effectively by considering the characteristics and behavior of original shapes he designed.

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The emerging digital technologies such as IoT and their negative effects to human well-being are becoming a hot topic for discussion. In parallel, transformative service research, which focuses on uplifting changes and improvements in the well-being of both individuals and communities, has been recognized as one of the most meaningful areas in service research. Inspired by these two trends related to human well-being, this study aims at constructing a well-being-oriented service design methodology that has been insufficiently investigated. As the first step to this end, the present paper reports the results of a systematic literature review on (1) how the concept of well-being has been recognized in service research, (2) how the well-being can be effected by services/service design, (3) what can be features of a well-being-oriented service/service design. Based on implications from the results, a conceptual model for well-being-oriented service design is hypothetically structured. In addition, a reflection on present service design methodology and an expected role of IoT-related technologies are discussed.

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Recent advances in Internet of Things (IoT) have led to cyber-physical systems (CPSs) beyond product-service configuration. The varied and dynamic interactions among CPSs by many players make it difficult to capture the current structure of a CPS to be managed. This paper aims at reorganizing the structure of a CPS from the viewpoint of users’ activities while connecting with another CPS. We model dependencies among elements in a CPS according to the 5C architecture. A mathematical analysis using a design structure matrix (DSM) is applied to the model. Through an industrial case of a smart home, we obtain clusters of cyber-physical configuration to the user as whole structure of a CPS.

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To realize sustainable manufacturing, the concept of product service systems is promising. However, a method to support the design of service contents using the framework of product service systems has not been sufficiently developed. In this study, aiming to continuously improve the value proposition of service contents, we focus on PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) cycle of product service systems and propose a method to simulate this cycle using life cycle simulator. As a preliminary case study, we conducted a workshop and discussed new service contents for further improvement on the case of factory energy conservation activities.

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In developping countries, food loss caused by freshness deterioration in transportation is a big problem. To solve the problem, it is necessary to predict the degree of the freshness deterioration in transportation and select the appropriate way of transportation based on the prediction. Therefore, we have proposed “Cold Chain Simulator”, which simulates the freshness deterioration in transportation. We have adopted freshness index, K value to define the freshness deterioration quantitively. Cold Chain Simulator consists of three kind of simulators, Transportation Simulator, Temperature Simulator and Freshness Simulator. We implemented these simulators on analysis PF, and developed GUI which visualize input and calculation results in one screen. We confirmed that Cold Chain Simulator can visualize food freshness deterioration in 12 seconds.

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Recently, in the engineering curriculum at the university, the emerging issue of engineering skill development is “understand of principles and rules, also, such as conceptually, idea creation, problem discovery, topics setting, modeling, problem solving and performing skill. In order to those requirements, the Faculty of Engineering at Gifu University has been implementing the "Technical Expression" as a compulsory subject for the undergraduate second grader since 2014. The purpose of this course is to human development, education and training of engineers who should face on solving a problem and create new value while coping with remarkable social change and collaborate with coworkers. The curriculum has been consisted of a basic course (1st -6th) and an applied course (7th -12th), and the students should be using design thinking and repeatedly trying the way of problem solving. The purpose of this training is aiming to accomplish a self-expression and social adaptability. This article reports the result of a survey of the learning comprehension degree and the learning effect carried out in the basic course. As a result, design thinking is useful for problem solving on aiming to accomplish the purpose for the students, and whose each vocabulary expressing the understanding has been increased, so that the connection between each words became diversified time by time. From these results, the educating effect can be confirmed and the transformation by this curriculum.

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This study analyses the characteristics and the differences of research in engineering design domain and design (industrial design) domain and explores the future research issues to be addressed for enhancing design integration between engineering designers and designers (industrial designers). Through the analysis, the study reviews the articles published from Journal of Engineering Design and Design Studies during 2006-2015 within multispace design model: one of the design frameworks proposed in the discipline of design science, which allows comprehensive descriptions of designing acts in various design domains. From the analysis results, it was implied that the research in Journal of Engineering Design has strong interest on analyzing relations between the functions and components of a certain design object, and evaluating the final design output from technological perspective, whereas many of the research in Design Studies has sought to understand the relation between properties of designers and qualities of design concepts. Based on these findings, numbers of addressing issues to be studied for enhancing the design integration are discussed.

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Japanese manufacturers have difficulties such as increasing inquiry for design information and starting over the design work when they shift their procurement and production to overseas companies. This is because Japanese-style tacit knowledgebase design information which depends on work site’s skills. Therefore design information must avoid the design style on the assumption for a tacit knowledge base manufacturing. This paper shows some measures which are internationalized drawing expressions and explicit knowledge base manufacturing. And also what the way of information between design and production ought to be when manufacturers target a shift to 3D annotated model based manufacturing.

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In the manufacturing industries, lean manufacturing (LM) has gained wide popularity for decreasing seven wastes. However, lean practitioners have very few training tools that allow them to learn LM tools and techniques, as these are associated with high cost and the creation process is difficult. This study is aimed at creating a platform for lean practitioners to help them learn as well as experiment with the general Kanban system, by building a Kanban Simulation Training Tool System (K-STTS). Two modules are included with K-STTS, a General Kanban Calculator Module (GKCmodule) to aid in Kanban calculation for lean practitioner and a General Kanban Simulation Module (GKS-module) that employs a simulation approach to implement the Kanban theory. The two modules were developed via the Visual Basic 6 and Arena 14 simulation software. The feasibility of K-STTS was evaluated via a feasibility study with regards to the user interface aesthetics, learnability, operability and functional suitability. Lean practitioners can employ both modules; however, improvisations need to be made for GKS-module’s learnability and operability. Future works involve designing real-time simulation as well as other LM training tools platform that improve the experience of users when employing LM tools.

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This study aims to scrutinise the present trend of Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) that emphasises on the industry and to appraise the initiatives espoused by the Government of Malaysia in view of this. Many research works have shown that several advanced nations have begun deploying advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, robotics, Internet of things (IoT) and nanotechnology. This study substantiates that Malaysia is the new entrant for the 4IR and goes ahead to take measures for dealing with the challenges that come with it. The efforts taken by the government to endorse the deployment of 4IR include offering allowances, training and education. This paper is split into two segments. The first offers an assessment of the global 4IR trend in other nations. The second segment reviews the preparations by Malaysia for facing the 4IR challenges. The study collected information through multiple sources such as Springer, Elsevier, Research Gate, Google Scholar, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

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This research implements an idea of motion display that functions the display itself as the communication media which mimics the motion of human head to enhance presence in remote communication. In order to mimic the head motion, a facial behavior analysis tool based on image processing was implemented, and its result was applied to HMoD (Head Motion Display robot) to mimic the physical motion. Even though HMoD mimics the head motion, a reaction delay was recognized in video communication. Furthermore, HMoD did not make appropriate reaction if the communication partner actively reacts the head. In order to solve these problems, this study proposes a voice signal during the video conversation as the driving force of local interaction. First, image processing based motion display control is presented. Then, voice signal based motion display control is proposed and explained. Finally, this paper proposes the idea of combination of these two signals to improve the interaction.

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Personal mobility is spreading in the world in recent years, but it is not in Japan because of the current law and regulations. Therefore, this paper investigates and analyzesthe personal mobility which is currently being developed and used in the markets. Based on this, this paper examines elements that will be required to expand the market. The current personal mobility products can be largely classified into four categories, which are stand-up type, pendulum type, chair type, and car type. According to the investigation, each type has advantages and disadvantages. However, this paper regards the transportation range as the biggest issue. Therefore, this study proposes an idea of integration of a compact chair type for convenient use indoors or short distance, with a vehicles transporter that offers long distance move.

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Monitoring the volume of blood flow in the microcirculation system is crucial for studying the functional activities of biological tissues and the mechanisms of diseases. In this study, a 2D laser speckle flowmetry was introduced to investigate the acute effects of forearm exposures to a non-thermal alternating current magnetic field (MF; 50 Hz, peak magnetic flux density B_max 180 mT, for 15-min duration of exposure) on cutaneous microcirculation in healthy human subjects. By this approach, we conducted two kinds of experiments; sham control (CTL) and magnetic field (MF) exposures. The CTL experimental results showed that there were significant and continuous decreases in the blood flow volume compared to the baseline due to the motionless static condition of the forearm. In contrast, the MF exposure did not significantly and continuously decrease the blood flow volume from the baseline during and after MF exposure periods. There were significant differences in the rate of blood flow volume between CTL and MF groups during and after MF exposure. The MF exposure significantly prevented the reduction of blood flow volume. Therefore, we conclude that MF could induce a higher rate of blood flow volume in our cutaneous tissue and thus can improve blood flow in the body so that it can promote a faster cell growth promotion, improve wound healing and bone repair, reduce muscle and arthritic pain.

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For years, a serious issue regarding patient waiting time has persisted. Initially, at first glance, one may feel that the patient is not concerned for having to wait for the treatment. However, it was revealed from a survey by the service sector that the overall satisfaction of consumers is affected by waiting experience and is usually termed as unfavourable. Data collected from several clinics in Malaysia showed that the overall waiting time of patients ranges from 18 to 85 minutes. It was found that 21% of patients expressed dissatisfaction and specified the experience to be unreasonable. This research study was done in a government health clinic in Melaka, Malaysia, which had patients and workers involved in the healthcare system. Value Stream Mapping was employed to identify existing waste in the healthcare system process. Based on the results, avoidable waste like staff attitude, redundant processes, unclear information and unsuitable clinic layout was found to exist, which resulted in long waiting times for the patient. Suggestions have been made for the healthcare organisation to employ methods involving Kanban, 5S, user interface and re-layout of the current system to enable the utilisation of more value-added time by both the staff as well as the patient to decrease the waiting time.

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The purpose of this research is to propose a causal structure modeling method, which describes the sequential perception of a new value through the usage of products/services (which is hypothesized as value growth in this research) from the knowledge of social psychology, consumer psychology, and design studies. First, two hypotheses: 1) the perception of value makes it easier to perceive another value; 2) the process of value perception differs by the values, were set up from the knowledge of value perception in the field of social psychology, consumer psychology and design studies. Next, based on the hypotheses of value perception, methods to construct a causal structure were considered. Moreover, the graphical modeling method of value perception was proposed. At last, the proposed method was applied to the value analysis case of the “value perceived while driving a car”, and the validity of the hypotheses applicability of the proposed method was indicated.

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To achieve sustainable consumption and production, designers and manufacturers should provide products with low environmental load and low cost to user. Upgrade design improves and add the product function by exchanging only a few of its components, and then enhance product value. So, modularization is necessary to exchange the components easy. Traditional modular design methods primarily focus to reduce the lead time or costs associated with designing an entire family of products. However, resource efficiency is an important consideration associated with upgrade for a product. Therefore, this paper proposes a design method to derive an appropriate product architecture when determining the number of upgrading of the components and the support period for upgradeable products. After deriving modular architecture candidates, the proposed method is used to evaluate the environmental load and cost generated at manufacture and use by upgrading and derive for a product architecture that realizes low environmental load and low cost throughout the product life cycle. This study applies the proposed method to laptop computer design and derives an appropriate modular architecture.

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In the manufacturing industries of industrialized countries, design strategies that are realized by collaborating with customers attract their attention as a means of differentiating products and services. Value-in-context is based on a new economic worldview, Service-Dominant Logic, and it assumes application of resources and value evaluation that are influenced by the context transition process of customers. Therefore, in order to sustainably create value-in-context, it is required that the designer understand the context and its dynamic transition process related to the application of customers’ resources and the value evaluation by them. However, the context transition process on time-axis has a complicated structure, thus, it is not easy for the designer to analyze it. In this paper, a modeling scheme to describe the context transition process on time-axis is constructed and a method to model it is constructed by arranging the described procedure. This modeling method supports the designer to grasp the context transition process of the customers along the time-axis.

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This paper describes a method for estimating the state of processes in lifecycle simulation (LCS). The proposed method applies data assimilation (DA) mechanisms to LCS in terms of material flow in the lifecycle for supporting product lifecycle management. DA is a self-adjustment method to decrease differences between a simulation and observed data from an actual system by conforming the model parameters to the observations at appropriate intervals. In the proposed method, the state of unobserved processes is estimated based on limited data of observed processes. A case study on a lifecycle of a photovoltaic panel reuse business shows that the DA mechanism successfully merges observed data into material flow in an LCS model, and sequentially revises the simulation estimations.

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In recent years, the perspective of value in the market is transformed. In particular, Service-Dominant logic emphasized the importance of Value-in-context which is a value co-created by the interaction between provider and receiver. In co-creation of value-in-context, it is needed to apply resources owned by each stakeholder mutually and appropriately based on empathy among stakeholders. However, in many cases, inappropriate application of resources leads failure of products/services introduction due to problems on perception and cognition, for example, receiver of products/services percepts in a way that provider was not intended. To address this issue, this study aims to analyze barriers on value co-creation of products/services. To achieve this purpose, this paper proposes perception and cognition model to visualize actor’s perception and cognition. In addition, by applying the proposed method to nursing care service using therapy robot, this paper confirmed that the proposed method can visualize perception and cognition by each actor, and the proposed method has possibility to analyze barriers on value co-creation.

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