期待マネジメント(Expectation Management)という言葉は、コンサルタントなどの業界ではしばしば使われているが、機械工学分野ではあまり耳にしない。しかし、期待マネジメントは今後、機械工学においてその重要性を増してくると考える。そこで、期待マネジメントとはなにか、なぜ期待マネジメントが重要と思われるのかなどについての企画者の趣旨説明に続いて、期待マネジメントの考え方を機械工学分野に応用してゆくにはどうすればよいかについて討論者、会場と議論を行い今後の方向を探りたい。

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Design and development project encounters various complications. This panel discussion is planned to explore and share some prescriptions on them. Four panelists will report their observations and experiences in industrial practices and university education, respectively. Succeeding discussion will focus on the role of project management for bringing creative involvement to the design team and making the project more attractive.

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A designer represents a hypothetical idea by drawing geometry of a design object and describing various relating concepts, and flexibly modifies the representation according as a hypothesis is changed in order to make an idea explicit. Such a process is characterized by reflection-in-action. This paper proposes a design support system that integrates a geometric modeling tool and various conceptual design tools and supports a reflective design process performed on the design tools. A system is developed by integrating a 3D CAD into and integrated design support framework, named DRIFT, that we have been developing. DRFIT captures design operations on various design tools, organizes design alternatives, and facilitates a designer to to flexibily switch an alternative. In order to apply a mechanism of DRIFT, this research defines typical geometric operations on a 3D CAD, and incorporated them into DRIFT. A design example of a remote control of a television shows the ability of the system.

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For the cooperative design activities by a design team, a designer needs design object information not only about geometrical data and these attributes but also needs the design rationale such as the reason of decision making to understand ideas of the design proposes by other designers. This paper focused on influential relations between parts of design object, and proposed descriptions and management methods of these relations. The management support system was developed, and case studies are done by using the system. As a result, proposed method can support of the management of influential relations, and this also shows proposed method have and applicable possibility to transmit design rationale to other designer.

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On-time performance of airlines schedule is key factor in maintaining current customer satisfaction and attracting new ones. This requires management of the different operation resources (crew/aircraft) to ensure their on-time readiness for each flight in the planned schedule. However, flight schedules are often subjected to irregularity and needs rescheduling. This process is done by operator's knowledge which is cultivated from his long experience. This paper describes the modeling of flight rescheduling. In addition, this proposes the evaluation of flight scheduling to evaluate the flight plan which the operator made.

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Engineering design involves continuing stream of decision making, which has great impact on the design at much later stages. In this study, we explore the possibility of employing argumentation for modeling decision making process in design. After reviewing argumentation based qualitative decision model, we introduce a argumentation-based design rationale model derived from the qualitative decision model. We apply several cases of design problems taken from a real-world satellite development project called Nano-JASMINE, and discuss the kind of problems that the proposed model is suited for. We argue that the model is apt for problems that are significant and involve risk, which requires much attention and efforts of the designer.

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Any engineering analysis model is indispensable to predict the behavior of a product for its rational design validation. In the modeling process of engineering analysis, an engineer idealizes physical phenomena and introduces assumptions, which depend on a various factors of design, such as the kinds or types of products, the objectives of the engineering analysis or design time constraints as well as physical features of the product. Because the knowledge of engineering analysis exists in modeling process, it is important to capture and manage the process for enhancement of rationality and reusability of engineering analysis models. This research aims to propose a management framework of engineering analysis modeling knowledge for design validation process. This paper introduces an outline of a framework, in which EAMM (Engineering Analysis Modeling Matrix) is used to represent a snapshot of model description, and IBIS (Issue-based Information System) is used to represent transition of model description and arguments behind it. Management of a design process of a micro mixing mechanism demonstrates the potential and promise of a proposed framework.

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When a designer finds or encounters a problem during a product design and development process, an effective way of ensuring the security and safety of the product is to identify all the possible causes of the problem by fault tree analysis (FTA) and fix them. Although FTA is an effective method, it is not easy for a designer to construct a complete fault tree without any misunderstanding or oversight. To solve this problem, the authors propose a new design knowledge management approach called quantity dimension indexing and computerized support for FTA such as the verification of consistency of a fault tree and fault tree construction advice. This paper describes methods of computerized support for FTA and its system implementation.

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In many industrial products, there are saturation of technical issues, so that customers satisfied with the most of technical issues. And they would like to have their own requirements within their budgets. Most of analysis of customer's satisfaction is basically from thinking of average. A thinking of average lose characteristic information of the product. We think that a hint to grasp the market needs of the next generation into that lost information is hidden. So, we need to explore design space to figure out that the results are satisfying as much requirements as possible. However, when we have more than three objective functions, it is not easy to grasp its situations. In that sense, visualization of multi-objective optimization becomes important issue. When we use DEA, we can have optimum weights for each objective function, but it is still difficult to see its relationships visually. In this paper, we propose DEA-mapping, which use Lagrange multiplier that is given by extended CCR model, and use them as key information of mapping. Actually, sum of multiplying Lagrange multiplier and each data becomes mapping to its frontier, in this study we use it as mapping to three dimensional space. As an example, we applied the proposed method to six objective function case and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

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It is necessary to illustrate the relationship among the events related to sustainability beforehand in order to investigate sustainability of global environment. In this research, we propose a method to quantify relational strength between the two of the events related to sustainability by using the frequency of the conjunction of them in an article of newspapers. According to this result, an overview of the current status regarding sustainability is presented on the use of multidimensional scaling (MDS) as a method of data visualization. We also developed tools which analyze the relation between each event in detail.

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, which has high efficiency of electric power generation, is one of the key technologies for us to reach to the low carbon society. Over 30 years' basic research of SOFC leads it just to launch to practical use in the real world, whereas the accumulation of huge amount of research data, especially material data, urges to be restructured as well-organized knowledge to interoperably share and reuse for both enterprise and research institute. Therefore we establish such knowledge management infrastructure that enables designers to design SOFC system from the viewpoint of comprehensiveness; furthermore, we develop practical software tools to realize the infrastructure. Our approach mainly consists of three phases. The first phase is to build SOFC material database using MatML (Materials Markup Language) which is an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) designed for materials property data. The second phase is to externalize functional knowledge of devices as the form of function decompositions tree according to each process in product life cycle of SOFC by means of functional modeling technique based on ontology engineering. Finally those trees are integrated and visualized in 3D virtual space. We discuss a methodology of cross-process design support for SOFC systems, and introduce our prototype system based on the methodology.

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To improve the quality of product design, it is important to evaluate productivity at an early phase. We have studied productivity evaluation methods using Design Parameter Check (DPC) functions and their rule representation model in product design process. Therefore, high visibility and generality are indispensable to the rule representation model. Our proposed model called "iSmartModel" describes the rules as simple scripts using part structure and relationship between parameters of part attributes. This paper focused on welding activity as a productivity evaluation. We enhanced our model to represent welding structures, and implemented a prototype system coupled CAD systems for welding activity evaluation. It enables user to evaluate work clearance and work posture in piping design.

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Recently we hold a serious problem for the transfer of the technical skill in the manufacturing industry of our country. We develop the training method that combines virtual training used virtual reality and kinesthetic device for and a conventional training by on-the-job training. When we aim at a more effective skill transfer, we need to pay more attention to a skill level and the work characteristic of the worker. We take up mold assembly under the virtual reality environment, and discuss about mastery process of the skill and the work characteristic when plural subjects repeat training.

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For estimation of the non-uniform deformation behavior of crystal grains in polycrystalline material, the thinning processing of crystal grain boundary lines and calculation of strain of crystal grains are programmed. The thinning processing of crystal grain boundary line is calculated by image processing based on Hilditch method. Logarithmic strains are calculated by measuring maximum distances of grain boundaries of respective grains at every five-degree interval from the loading direction. The strain distribution in all direction for a grain is approximated with an ellipse using the method of least squares and the principal strain are obtained as the long and the short axes of the ellipse. The calculation accuracy of these programs is examined. Then, Non-uniform deformation behavior of coarsening polycrystalline brass under tensile loading is estimated, variation of value and direction of principal strain of each grain are study in detailed.

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In recent years, the dissimilar materials and the composite materials are used for various fields. In the combination with different material constants, the stresses near the intersection of the free-surface and the interface become infinity in the context of theory of elasticity, and the stress singularity might be caused. In general, when the material constants are greatly different, singularity is caused. This singularity becomes serious problem in the numerical analysis. Then, it aims to solve the problem in this research. Materials with different physical properties are combined, and five kinds of dissimilar materials are analyzed by the boundary element method. Moreover, the number of elements in the interface is changed, and the analytical accuracy is examined.

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A plastic constitutive theory incorporating the directional dependence of the plastic strain increment dε^P on the stress increment dσ was proposed by Goya and Ito. The expression was given in terms of two transition parameters μ(α) and β(α) which denote the magnitude and the direction angle of the plastic increment, where α denotes the direction angle of the stress increment measured from a particular direction n_N, named "natural direction", in which the direction of the stress increment coincide with that of the plastic strain increment. It was also suggested that several yield functions used for classical plastic potential may be introduced for the natural direction potential whose normal is identical to the natural direction. It was choose Hill's quadratic function for the natural direction potential to anisotropic material. In this report, the law is implemented in an F.E.M. code for deformation analysis for anisotropic materials.

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A contact stress problem which arises from the machine elements model "Three dimensional contact stress problem", that is Hertzian theory, is considered. Most objects are used practically in the state of three dimensional contact stress. The contact stress, between the objects surfaces is considerable high. The behaviour of coefficients of support ξ and η, the contact ellipse section of objects, is effected by the complete elliptic integral. Therefore, we have to make use of numerical approach, because of we get to know a value of contact stress. In this note, ξ,η can be write using by the complete elliptic integral, and how to compute the contact stress using the approximation of arithmetic geometric means.

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The present paper proposes an analytical method for buckling of a double-walled pipe that may be modeled as a concentric double cylindrical shell system. The outer and inner shells are coupled through a filling material, where mechanical properties are represented by the equivalent elastic spring. The governing equations of motion are derived in general form to comprehend three different shell theories with different accuracy, i.e., Flugge, Love and Donnell theories, and the difference in the theories is incorporated into the formulation by use of tracing parameters. The analytical solution is derived for the critical buckling loads of the pipe system with both ends supported by shear diaphragms. In numerical examples, the buckling parameters are obtained for various parameters, and the effect of using different shell theories is discussed in the present problem.

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One of the features of Japanese product development is product integrity development that can obtain a multi-objective satisfactory design solution by close collaboration among different designers and teams. This product development depends on the contributions in personnel by trial and error, therefore these designers bear a heavy burden. This paper proposes a design support method for product integrity development by using a set-based design method and agent technology. The proposed method obtains intersection of sets that satisfies multi-objective performances within compromise design set of each team by the set-based design method and then shows design suggestions to a designer for obtaining a design solution from the intersection of sets based on the result of analysis and design knowledge by agentifying 3D-CAD solid models with attribute information, design knowledge and design evaluation. This paper also develops a design support system based on a proposed method and discusses its possibility for product integrity development.

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We suggest a new design methodology for a multi-objective trade-off design and a risk management, called Total Design Management (TDM). TDM has two important concepts: "Set Based Design (SBD)" and "Model based Risk management (MBR)". In SBD, designers firstly calculate the total set of design solutions and then narrow down the solutions complying with the design requirements or constraints conditions by a filtering method. SBD is very simple, transparent and practical process. In MBR, designers manage a design risk based on designers' un-confidence of the mathematical models which they make or calculate. SBR and MBR are integrated with the mathematical models.

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In the case of design of impeller of compressor, the tuning of the geometry of the impeller is done keeping performance of the impeller. The frequency caused by rotation of the impeller also prohibit to coincident with characteristic frequency of the impeller. There are several line up of impellers for needs, and the tuning had been determined by designer who conducted many kind of examination for those impellers. Recently, response surface method utilizing design of experiments could estimate all of the geometry of impellers, and the method could find optimized geometry of the impeller satisfied with the operating conditions. In this study, we indicate effectiveness of response surface method utilizing design of experiments.

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As product variety design has become recognized as an effective framework typically for under the trend toward mass customization, product platform and family design has been intensively studied in the last two decades. While their focuses have been put on consumer products mainly, their possibilities must be spread over various kinds of products, which are under different time frames. This paper discussed the product variety design with focus on strategic planning of product family deployment over time frames, analyzed some cases for validating the general discussion. Firstly, the relationships among platform design, product family development and market mechanisms are reviewed for formally understanding their constraints. Secondly, after product design circumstances are categorized into four types under the matrix by the scale of investment and the scale of production, product variety design circumstances are investigated respectively on the categorized types. Thirdly, some practical cases of product family deployment are analyzed for validating such investigation. Finally, research agendas for developing optimal design methodologies are consequently argued.

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Product family and platform design have become important strategies in manufacturing for flexibly meeting with customers' needs, reducing fixed cost, shortening lead time, etc. In such directions, how and when each member of the product family is realized and launched to the market under the given platform must be managed in some way. This paper discusses the impact of resource constraints under time frames on the management of product family deployment. Resource constraints restrict the amount of design activities that can be investigated at each time frame against their requirement for exploring the product family. Under such a viewpoint, a mathematical formulation of product family deployment under resource constraints is developed, and its optimization method is configured. The modality of product family deployment is demonstrated through optimal design of product family deployment of circuit boards for televisions.

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This article shows the differences and characteristics of industries, products and processes of development, design and manufacturing, in the view point of design and manufacturing by a case study of automobile, electronics and precision machinery industries. And this considers the fully best practice for building PLM systems regarding the digitalization of product design and manufacturing process. This article tries that we analyze the characteristics by a view point of the design and manufacturing process and show the importance of process study by the criteria of digital data to utilize and apply IT tools by way of vitalize Japanese strength when we make PLM system. Up to the present, those characteristics were discussed by the view point of the product architecture and the organizational capabilities of design and manufacturing by Prf. Fujimoto and his group. And we shows the guidelines which include the nine essential elements for the success of IT utilization to make PLM systems.

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This paper presents a numerical optimization method for the optimal free form design of shell structures. Using the compliance as an index of stiffness, the stiffness design problem is formulated as a non-parametric shape optimization problem under the assumptions that the shell is varied in the normal direction to the surface and the thickness is constant. The shape gradient function derived for this problem is applied to the Robin-type traction method to determine the optimal and smooth free form, or the optimal curvature distribution. Several shape design problems are solved in order to verify the practical utility of this method. It is also confirmed that the strain energy of the optimal shape is mainly dominated by the membrane component. The calculated results show the proposed method is effective for the shape design of shell structures with the optimal curvature distribution.

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In this paper we present an optimization method for the optimal free-form design of shell structures in order to control the deformation mode to the desired one. It is assumed that the shell is varied in the normal direction to the surface and the thickness is constant. As an objective functional, we introduced a squared displacements error norm on the prescribed surface. A non-parametric shape optimization problem with a volume constraint is formulated, and the shape gradient function is theoretically derived. The Robin type traction method is used to determine the optimal smooth shell while minimizing the objective functional. The calculated results show the effectiveness of the proposed method for the optimal free-form design of the shell structure with a desired deformation mode.

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Optical multilayer thin films are used for many optical devices for generating various specific filter function. Design of high performance optical multilayer thin films and cost saving are expected by using anisotropic materials in the multi-layer structure. Uniaxial optical anisotropic multilayer thin films are optimized to satisfy the design specifications by genetic algorithms in this study. Optimization program is developed for simultaneous optimization of number of layers, film thickness, refractive index and direction of director in each film. Some results of optimum design are reported.

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This paper presents a compliant actuator using thermoelectric effects. Compliant thermoelectric actuator is a new type of compliant mechanism-based actuators which utilizes thermal expansion and contraction of appropriate parts to obtain deformation. Thermoelectric devices are used as a heat source for thermal actuators in order to high actuating response times and further enhancement of output force and displacement. In this paper, we discusses a new level set-based topology optimization method using a fictitious interface energy model for the design of compliant thermoelectric actuators. A numerical example of compliant thermal actuator design using thermoelectric devices are presented to confirm the usefulness of the proposed method.

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This research applies the reliability-based topology optimization (RBTO) method to a heat transfer problem. The design problem is formulated to minimize the structural volume subject to the reliability constraint concerning thermal problem under variation on coefficient of heat transfer. The topology optimization uses level set boundary expressions based on the concept of the phase field method for obtaining clear boundary shapes. The topology optimization is combined with the reliability-based optimization method that is formulated as a single loop algorithm by using Single Loop Single Variable (SLSV) method to reduce computational time. Through numerical example, difference between the optimum configurations on deterministic method and reliability-based method is demonstrated and the effectiveness of this method is discussed.

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A thermo-magnetic motor is able to drive by using heat energy and magnetic energy such as hot spring water and waste heat from power plants. In our previous studies, the 3rd experimental thermo-magnetic motor has been developed and succeeded in steady driving with hot water and cold water. Furthermore we have been designing the sealing type thermo-magnetic motor which is integrated the heating and the cooling lines and the magnetic circuits. In this study, we show the analytical method of output power estimation of the thermo-magnetic motor based on the transient heat transfer analysis and the magnetic field analysis by using FEM analysis software and compared with the experimental value. The difference between the analytical value and experimental value is around 20%. The result is sufficient to obtain the design value. Additionally we proposed an optimum design method for heating and cooling system design by using the conjugate gradient method. For the objective function of the conjugate gradient method, new analytical method is developed to estimate the output power. The effectiveness of the proposed optimum design method demonstrates through the optimization of the heating and cooling system in the sealing type thermo-magnetic motor.

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A design method for thermal stress relaxation of multi layered structures is established. This method employs shape and topology optimization techniques. In the shape optimization, arbitrary lagragean eulerian method is used to deform an design object shape. Then, a virtual structural analysis induced traction forces is implemented to decide the object deformation. The traction forces adopt design variables of the shape optimization. In the topology optimization, a new design for thermal stress relaxation is acquired by using the density method. To verify the design method, three-layered cooling structure is designed.

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To prevent quality loss of processed material due to non-uniform temperature and stress of press molding die, a coupled analysis is executed to minimize the difference between maximum and minimum temperature and maximum stress at pressure surface by changing cooling tube location and diameter. The coupled analysis consists of thermo-fluid analysis, heat transfer analysis, and structural analysis, and the continuous calculation required for optimization of the coupled analysis is automated by optimization software. Heat transfer analysis is conducted using temperature distribution of cooling tube which results from thermo-fluid analysis to calculate temperature difference at pressure surface. Structural analysis is conducted using heat strain caused by temperature distribution of die which results from heat transfer analysis to calculate maximum equivalent stress at pressure surface. As a result of optimization after sensitivity analysis, temperature and stress of molding die improved by 76.4% and 34.8%, respectively.

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The caliber configuration design for creating ultrafine-grained steel bars through a groove rolling process was studied from the viewpoint of a large strain accumulation and cross-sectional shape variation in a bar. A three-dimensional finite element analysis was employed for this purpose. The square/foval (flat-like-oval)/square rolling was proposed as a method to introduce a large strain efficiently in material. The relation among the foval configuration, a strain and cross-sectional shape was examined in the groove rolling. The influence of the equivalent strain distribution by 1st pass (foval rolling) was considered to clarify the strain distribution and a cross-sectional shape by 2nd pass, and then the foval configuration to accumulate a large strain efficiently was shown. The optimum pass schedule to fabricate an ultrafine-grained steel of 13mm square bar from a 24mm square bar was proposed in warm groove rolling.

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It is important for the end shell of aluminum beverage can to improve thinning in press forming for increasing buckling strength. To search an optimum process and die shape for improving thinning is attempted. However, traditionally the forming process and die designs have been based on trial-and error and the skill of experienced die-makers. The finite element (FE) analysis is an effective tool to predict a sheet deformation and to evaluate the forming process and die designs in press forming. This paper proposes a new buckling tooling system for the end shell forming and investigated effective factors to improve thinning using the FE analysis. The optimization method based on the numerical simulations is applied to search on optimum design point. The results show that the thinning can be improved up 7.3% by the design optimization of forming processes and shape of tool profile in this buckling tooling system.

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To make products have more added values largely from knowledge and services, service engineering is proposing a method for combining products and services at highly level. When customers use products and services, the customer owes not only a monetary cost but also a lot of non-monetary costs: a time loss, a psychological and physical load, etc. Since such non-monetary costs have a great influence when the customers compare several services, service providers need to take into account them. Additionally, service providers, a profit -oriented organization, need to take into account productivity of service to provide. This paper aims at proposing a method to specify unnecessary operation from viewpoints of non-monetary costs and corporate requirements

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To make value-added products and services in compensation for volume reduction due to dematerialisation, a new engineering methodology which analyses services rather than just material products is needed. The design process of services needs to include an importance analysis that allows the designer to know which aspect of a service should be emphasised. The objective of this paper is to develop a method to evaluate the quality of the service delivery process. In this study, a service blueprint is used to represent the service delivery process, and the function structure is used to identify the relationship between customer values and the service delivery process. In this paper, the Kano model is introduced to the function structure in order to classify the function quality, and the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) matrix is used to evaluate the service delivery process. The proposed method is verified through its application to an existing service case.

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In manufacturing, systems that offer physical products in combination with services have been attracting much attention. For such systems, designers need to focus on customer requirements. There are, however, still difficulties in decision on what part of the requirements should be investigated, especially in a B2B (Business to Business) service. This paper proposes a method to extract customer requirements in a B2B service. In addition, a tool was developed to help service designers extract customer requirements easily and exhaustively. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated by a case study in which a utility company is the target client of a service.

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Recently, a new academic field, "service engineering" has been very actively investigated. However, there are few effective software tools to simulate and evaluate services designed based on the concept of service engineering. In the past, the authors proposed a service flow simulation method using scene transition nets(STN) which is a graphic modeling and simulation method for discrete-continuous hybrid system. However, this method does not consider how to model and simulate complex service flows including interactions between agents in services. In this paper, the authors propose some extensions for service modeling and implement their functions to the STN GUI simulator. The experimental results of simulation of a DVD rental service shop and an online DVD rental service including agents' interactions and some stochastic elements showed the availability of tour method.

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To make products have more added values largely from knowledge and services, we need new engineering discipline to look at services, called 'Service Engineering.' Services allow service providers to enable their flexible individualization and enhancement according to individual customer requirements. To do so, service providers need to consider customer requirement through whole life-cycle of a service, and to provide relationship-based services rather than transaction-based services. This paper, first dines life-cycle of a service, and then proposes a customer scenario model to extract customer requirements in consideration of whole life-cycle of the service.

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In order to support creative design, we propose an approach composed of two methods for creating creative design ideas. The first method involves generating a candidate for a more creative design idea by focusing on the notion of 'polysemy'. The second involves evaluating the generated candidate by using a virtual thinking network. In this study, we focus on the process of synthesizing two concepts. Furthermore, we use design idea features as a substitute for the actual design idea. We attempt to create a set of design idea features that may indicate a high level of creativity. We confirmed that the estimated originality scores of all the generated candidates extrapolated the one of the base design idea.

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This paper proposes a structural optimization-based design method for compliant mechanism scissors considering usability based on Universal Design principles. First, a new design optimization problem formulation is developed that aims to reduce users' physical effort by ensuring that the location of the center of gravity the object or tool to be used is as close to the hand grip as possible. Second, an additional formulation is developed to facilitate designs that can accommodate as wide a range of users as possible, to develop structures that are stable despite different directions of input loading applied by different users. Finally, the design of a gripper that approaches a universal design was developed using the proposed formulations, and evaluated to assess the efficacy of the proposed methodology.

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The capsule endoscopy is a medical device for observing the inside of the digestive organs. The device has the capabilities of examining the diseased site, collecting its tissue, and giving medical treatment as well to the diseased site through the DDS function. Although existing researches regarding the capsule endoscopy, have been done toward its function and usage, few reports have been available on the operation and control of the capsule endoscope. In this study, methods of operation and control of the capsule endoscope in the digestive process were investigated and examined. For this purpose, the capsule to be used was divided into two parts, and two spiral tubes were attached on the outer circumference. The performance of the rotational motion, the traverse in the right and left direction and the back and forth direction, etc., was investigated.

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In this study, we propose a methodology of composition-based function dividing process, which is the process of combining two different functions and dividing it in conceptual design to realize creative engineering design. Concretely, we introduce the findings in creative design research into function dividing process and expand the method of conceptual design. In order to support conceptual design with composition-based function dividing process, we construct a conceptual design-specific thesaurus by focusing on the advantage of natural language. In particular, we semi-automatically extract the hierarchical structure of verb/noun from an accumulated document related to design. Finally, we show a case study of supporting the composition-based function dividing process by using the constructed thesaurus.

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A taxonomy of generic functions plays a crucial role in managing the functional knowledge. In functional taxonomy, even though each functional term is captured by various viewpoints or classifications, its classification criteria are implicit. For revealing the functional classification criteria, this article discusses the organization of them. Firstly, we specify classification criteria in functional taxonomy. Secondly we organize functional classification criteria based on the relationship between them. It can contribute to specify not only the definition of each functional term in functional taxonomy but also what type of functional classification criteria exists in general when we classify the functional concepts.

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Aiming at clearer semantics of notion of function, this article discusses some ontological issues about function such as what the existence of function depends on, how a function inheres to an artifact, and when a function exists and disappears. Firstly, we investigate some ontological distinctions of functions such as actual function and capacity function. Secondly, we propose an ecological model of function that explains how the existence of instances of function is changed by engineering tasks such as design and manufacturing. Thirdly, we discuss differences of functions of artifacts and natural things. Lastly, we try to explain a definition of biological functions and its differences.

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This paper proposes a walking stick-based human interface for senior people towards ubiquitous society. First, this paper shows the overview of the research background and describes the prototype system of the stick-based human interface, which could be used as an input device for ubiquitous use. The main goal of the research is how to recognize the gesture of the interface user. Therefore, the study developed a prototype interface and conducted some experiments with the prototype interface. This paper shows the results of the experiments and discusses the feasibility of the interface.

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