The first half of this paper describes a recent study of the report titled 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy published by Iacocca Institute, Lehigh University in 1991. The report concluded agility is becoming a condition of survival. An intensely competitive environment for advanced industrial goods and services has already begun to take shape. Markets are fragmenting and changing-rapidly as a steady flow of new products appear in a wide range of continually changing models. Optimum First-Time product Design Implementation in Hitachi Koki consulted by an American consulting company since 1995 is followed as the second half. It was not simply evolution but revolution that changed corporate culture. Achieving the goal was not easy task, and the strong top down approach was extremely essential. Overall image of-implementation was to shorten the development period to half with optimum design which focuses on CAE analysis and validation, whereas conventional way depended on cut and try.

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The storage density of magnetic hard disk drives has been increasing at a rate of 2.0 times a year, and 10Gb/in^2 magnetic recording density has been put into practical use. Recently, air bearing sliders' spacing in magnetic hard disk drives has been decreased to as low as 20nm. In order to achieve ultra-high magnetic recording density more than 100Gb/in^2 in the near future, it is necessary to develop ultra-low head flying height or contact recording technology. This paper describes recent advances of such ultra-low head-disk- interface spacing technology in magnetic hard disk drives. Reviewing various challenging new concept technologies that open and process the nano-spacing region until now, it discusses the ability to realize head disk interface spacing less than 10nm.

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It is anticipated that the near-field recording method will become one of the promising candidates for realizing high density optical recording sensor head to satisfy the demands of storage capacity in computer communication society. In this paper, we propose a novel optical contact head slider which cancels the suspension load by generating hydrodynamic total pressure. We introduce a mixed lubricantion model for basic design and 2-degree-of-freedom vibration model could successfully confirm-its mechanical responses when sliding on minute wavinesses of a metal coated medium. Detailed analysis reveals the non-linear response of the amplitude of the waviness. Experimental confirmation on the trial-manufactured optical contact slider will be performed in the near future.

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A novel optical head slider for near-field recording is proposed. A air bearing pad pattern formed on the apex of cantilever-like polymeric waveguide, and using the cantilever itself as a suspension of slider, function of flying slider, suspension, and waveguide are all included into one body structure. This structure (flexible head slider) can be fabricated by the method similar to lithographical technique. This structure will be expected to have great advantages in miniaturization of head assembly, simplification of assembling and optical trimming process, and more, lightweight of head assembly brings wider tracking bandwidth. In this paper, We report the experimental evaluation result of prototypes, especially on it's dynamic characteristic of spacing control. As a disturbance, the supporting point of the slider assembly was shook toward out-of-plane direction, and the frequency response to the head to medium spacing was measured. As the result, the ratio of the vibration amplitude to the spacing variation at the major resonance frequency was less than -30dB.

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This paper describes the development of novel PZT thin films for active sliders in magnetic hard disk drives. The feature for novel PZT thin films is that sol-gel thin films are deposited on sputtered PZT thin films fabricated on bottom Pt/Ti electrodes. Therefore, the novel PZT thin films consist of a thermal SiO_2 layer and the sputtered and sol-gel PZT thin films layers sandwiched with upper Pt and bottom Pt/Ti electrodes on a Si slider material. Fabricating the diaphragm microactuator, the piezoelectric properties for the novel composite PZT thin films are studied. As a result, the piezoelectric strain constant d_<31> is identified to be 130×10^<-12>m/V. This value is higher than conventional monolithic PZTthin films and it is found that the novel PZT thin films have the good piezoelectric properties. This suggests the feasibility of realizing active sliders operating at lower voltage under about 10V.

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This paper describes a novel approach for reducing the head/disk spacing in magnetic recording disk storage. The authors propose active sliders with thin film PZT that control the head/disk spacing less than 10 nm. This slider is designed so that the margin for working tolerance and spacing drop at a high altitude is compensated by raising or lowering the head actively. A pico-slider with three stepped pads and a unimorph cantilever structure is fabricated monolithically by using silicon micromachining techniques. Experimental testing shows that the displacement of the cantilever tip is 40-60 nm by applying voltage of 4 V and the piezoelectric constant d_<31> is determined as 80 × 10^<-12> m/V.

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Low flying height of slider and high-speed rotation of disk become indispensable caused by the high recording density and high data transfer rate of HDD. As for such the low flying height and high-speed rotation, the influence of the air viscous force which occurs between slider and disk can not be ignored. In this paper, to research the influence of the air viscous force on the flying height, we have compared the simulation results of flying height and pitch angle, which were calculated considering air viscous force and no considering air viscous force. It was found there was a tendency for the pitch angle of slider to decrease and to raise the trailing edge of slider under the influence of air viscosity moment, and the increase in the amount of flying height of the slider by air viscosity force is about 5% in the case of lOnm or less flying height of slider.

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We numerically investigated the tracking ability and the dynamic contact and friction forces of a 2-DOF model of a tripad slider over a random wavy disk surface in the near-contact regime. We clarified the effects of the front and rear air bearing stiffnesses, the nominal flying height and the coefficient of friction on the tracking ability and contact force. As a result, we found that the spacing variation due to the micro-waviness is strongly influenced not only by the slider dynamics but also by the distance of the head-gap position from the rear air bearing center. Finally, we investigated the effect of the length of slider rail by means of distributed air bearing model. The slider cannot follow the disk surface waviness which is shorter than the slider rail, so that the 3 short pads type tripad slider is desirable.

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In this paper the cubic interpolated propagation (CIP) method, which is an effective numerical scheme for differential equations including an advection term, is employed in the dynamic analyses of the ultra-thin gas film lubrication using the molecular gas-film lubrication (MGL) equation. As an example the 2-DOF slider dynamics of the flying head sliders with several tens of nanometers caused by a running projection are investigated, and the CIP method is found to be effective in the analyses of the near contact MGL dynamics.

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For examining molecular gas film lubrication (MGL) characteristics in several nanometers, free molecular MGL equation, which employs Poiseuille flow rate for free molecular flow region, is utilized to calculate the characteristics of plane inclined slider and step slider. As the minimum spacing decreases, results of conventional MGL equation and the free molecular MGL equation become close each other, which means free molecular MGL equation is applicable for several nanometer region. Moreover, differences among any flow rates in Poiseuille flows become diminished, as the minimum spacings decreases and bearing number increases.

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The dynamic force between solid plane surface linked by a liquid meniscus bridge was analysed assuming small vibration of the spacing. The infinite width meniscus and the finite meniscus ring were considered as analytical models. The incompressible Reynolds equation was solved under the Laplace pressure boundary condition and the solution was linearlized by the small vibration assumption. The derivation of the solutions and the differences by the models were discussed. It was found that the pressure and the load carrying capacity in the linearlized analysis had three terms, i. e., squeeze term by the viscosity of liquid, spring term by the dynamic Laplace pressure and static meniscus force term.

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Spreading characteristics of molecularly thin lubricant over grooved surface has been studied numerically by Monte Carlo simulations and compared with measurements obtained by perfluoropolyether (PFPE) thin film spreading over a solid surface with minute grooves. In the simulations, by incorporating the interactions between molecule and side surfaces of a groove, the Monte Carlo method based on the Ising model was extended to the case of surface with grooves and applied to simulation for the spreading of non-polar lubricant inside a groove. Compared with the spreading on a smooth surface, lubricant spreads rapidly inside the groove, indicating an acceleration of the spreading along the groove. In the experiments, lubricant spreading on surface with groove-shaped texture was measured by making use of the extinction of diffraction light on the lubricant-covered region. From the results that lubricant spread predominantly along the groove, the accelerating effect obtained in the simulations is well confirmed by the measurements.

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A novel method for identifying the adhesion force and the dynamic elongation of molecularly thin lubricant coated over DLC surface was developed while an SPM tip retracting from contact position by using transient response of the SPM cantilever arising after separation. The accuracy of measurement of the cantilever displacement was considerably improved by mounting a silicon tip with optically reflecting surface on the cantilever to produce high quality image of the interference fringe pattern formed by Michelson interferometry. To describe experimental transient response, a model for separation process was introduced wherein the surface force decreases from an initial value (contact force) to zero in proportion to the tip travel accompanying elongation of the lubricant. Calculated vibration waveforms using this model were found to be in good agreement with observed waveforms. This hinted that PFPE thin film could stretch as much as a hundred times of lubricant thickness.

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We have developed a new diagnostic instrument, which visualizes small or early lesions from inside of the urinary system. A flexile probe used here is only 2mm in diameter. The frequency of the oscillator is 20 to 30MHz, so the tomogram obtained by the method is extremely fine compared with ultrasonogram obtained by the scanning from outside of the body.

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This paper describes the development of a system whereby one can control a mobile robot by using the components of his/her brain wave bio-potentials. Such a system may be used as a control device employing human eye-movements, facial muscle, and brain wave bio-potentials. As inputs, biofeedback is provided by indications on a computer screen so the human operator can practice his/her inputs before applying them to the control of a mobile robot. The operator's forehead bio-potentials can be acquired and processed in Cyberlink (TM) as mobile robot control source signals. The computer analyzes an operator's EEG (electroencephalographic), EOG (electrooculographic), and EMG (electromyographic) signals in real time. This analyzation is achieved by periodically checking EEG, EOG and EMG signals in real-time. The results are used to control a mobile robot. Operators performed successfully, with accuracy of the control improving with training. The experimental results suggest that a mobile robot can be operated by human brain wave bio-potentials.

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This paper reports the fundamental principles and verifications of an unconstrained and noninvasive method for monitoring perspiration and heart rates during sleep using a PVDF sensor. Taking advantage of the differential properties of PVDF films, we developed a PVDF sensor that measures the fluctuations of pressure. The sensor is placed on a bed underneath the sheets. It detects the pressure fluctuation of a human body on the surface of the bed caused by the perspiration movements and by heartbeats. Using digital filters, perspiration and heart rate can be monitored on-line.

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This paper presents the development of mechanical SMA urethral valve with transcutaneous energy transformer, which is supplied by batteries. In order to realize the portable type, the constant voltage circuit and the sine wave oscillation circuit are examined through the laboratory tests on cycling characteristics, and so on. From the experimental results, it is seen that the stabilized operation is enabled by introducing the constant voltage circuit between the driving batteries and the other primary circuits, and the efficiency upgrading of electric power transmission was realized by utilizing the sine wave oscillation.

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This paper is concerned with the development of a haptic sensor system that monitors the condition of human skin. The base of the sensor is an aluminum shell, around which a rubber sponge layer, PVDF film, a protective layer of acetate film and gauze are applied in sequence. The sensor is attached to the tip of an elastic cantilevered beam and pressed against an area of skin. It is then moved by hand over the skin to allow the sensor to assess surface morphological features. Characteristics of the data are extracted by calculating the variance and distribution of power intensity over several segmented frequency ranges. The test was examined to estimate the age of skin condition by multiple regression analysis. From the obtained results, it is enabled that this sensor system divide that prime layer and young generations roughly.

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The optical disk has come to be widely used as a large capacity and low price file device which stores text document, digital-image document and music. And the low price recoradable media expands the market. This paper describes the recent mechanical technologies of optical disk drive as well as future trend.

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We developed an objective lens actuator for slim DVD drives to improve the vibration characteristics so that the servo-control range can be expanded. To reduce the higher-order resonance peak that occurs due to elastic deformation of the moving part, we took vibration modes into consideration when we designed the actuator structure. Thus, we reduce the resonance peak and lighten the moving part because it does not need to be stiff. The results of our experiments show that the higher-order resonance peak at 16 kHz in the autofocusing direction is reduced to less than 3 dB. The acceleration sensitivity in the auto-focusing direction and tracking direction is 97 m/s^2/V and 92 m/s^2/V respectively. These values meet the requirements for 8X DVD-ROM and 32X CD-ROM drives.

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Hard disk drives (HDD) are improving rapidly in recording density and transfer rate every year. Development of a spindle motor using fluid dynamic bearings (FDB) is desirable as conventional spindle motors incorporating ball bearings are expected to reach their limitation technically in the near future. This paper describes an experimental approach of lubricant temperature in rotating FDB spindle motor. We used infrared micro thermograph to measure lubricant temperature. Then temperature of lubricant in the rotating spindle motor was measured. We also measured temperature distribution of the thrust bearing. Temperature of the thrust bearing rised immediately when spindle motor started rotating. The temperature rise of the thrust bearig reached 28℃ in 10 minutes at the spindle motor rotation speed of 15,000r/min.

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We developed a high shockproof suspension for micro size magnetic Hard Disk Drive that suitable for personal digtal asistant and wearable PC. We observed outline of lighting load beam weight design by finite element analysis. Then we made two type trial products of micro suspension, and we estimated shockproof performance of trial products of micro suspension. We could get slider jump acceleration by measurenent relationships between acceleration and slider jumping duration. We confirmed shockproof performance of trial products and effectiveness of shockproof design.

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This paper investigates the effect of suppressing the vibration of a spinning disk/spindle system by applying a squeeze film damping to a commercially available HDD with five platters. The out-of-plane and in-plane vibrations of the top disk were measured with and without a squeeze air bearing and illustrated by the Campbell diagram. When the squeeze air bearing plate with angular length of 180°and radial length of 20 mm was used at 120μm clearance, the largest resonance amplitude of the out-of-plane disk vibration decreases to less than 40%. The disk flutter caused by the surrounding air flow could be significantly suppressed. It was also found that the suppressing effect of the out-of-plane vibration can proportionally decrease the in-plane vibration.

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In a DVD-ROM drive, large-amplitude flow-induced vibration occurs due to the rotation of the disc at high speed. An experiment was conducted on this vibration. (1) When the disc rotational frequency was 185 Hz in the original drive structure, the disc vibration was (0, 3) mode. (2) The frequency at which this vibration occurs was increased by controlling the airflow on the disc surface. (3) We propose drive structures that can increase the frequency to over 200 Hz and eliminate disc vibration at the same time.

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Generally, fluid dynamic bearing of the spindle motor for HDD is constituted combining two or more radial bearings and thrust bearings. It is filled with lubricating oil between these bearings, and it is thought that these influence each other through lubricating oil during operation. This paper describes the lubricating analysis with consideration to the interaction between radial bearings and thrust bearings which constitute fluid dynamic bearing of the spindle motor for HDD. Lubricating analysis is solving the incompressible Reynolds equation by the finite element method using the model which combined radial bearings and thrust bearings. The influence which the pump-up value of radial bearing has on the characteristics of thrust bearing is discussed.

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The recent rapid progress of network computing technology enables us to monitor and analyze several changes in nature with many micro sensors. We plan to observe nature with some image monitoring sensor and to analyze the image data of some natural phenomenon. We created a prototype of image monitoring system with an original power control circuit and ready-made products-such as Pocket PC, Portable Phone, CCD Camera and well-known computer interfaces. This prototype system operates with solar energy, and repeats taking a picture and sending this picture to the data center. And we examined the way of power control of this system with solar energy to realize the autonomous operating of the image monitoring sensor.

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This paper was conducted to develop applications using CoFeSiB/SiO_2 composite multi-layer film. For a micro DC/DC convertor, it is necessary to improve the efficiency and miniaturization by incorporating a micro inductor with a high quality factor. High Q values and high inductances of the inductors are compatible with each other when a three-dimensional winding helical coil and composite multi-layered film are used. Furthermore, the decrease of the areas of the inductor and capacitor contribute to miniaturization, as the capacitor is used as the substrate of the thin-film inductor. The frequency response of capacitance was measured to check the frequency noise in a frequency range of 200 kHz 〜 10 MHz and a magnetic field of -76 dBm 〜 8 dBm.

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There has been an explosive growth in the field of personal electronic devices, such as personal handy telephones and mobile devices. Because these devices are powered by an internal battery, they have a limited operating time. There is a growing need for equipment that would enable recharging and powering these devices even in places where a power line is not available. We have developed a power-supply card powered by solar cells. We describe an examination the structure of the power-supply.

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Nowadays, the needs of micro dispensing technologies increase with the spread of the handy terminals. In mounting process of semiconductor devices, micro dispensing apparatus has to be indispensable in spite of the demerit for the low productivity. In order to improve the dispensing speed and the accuracy for the micro dispensing paste are examined. This paper describes about the factors on accurate dispensing in mounting the small chip components.

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In order to draw paste with high precision by the dispensing apparatus, highly-precise-izing of time (delay) control is indispensable. In this paper, the function which carries out time control in 1ms of decomposition ability is created, and the result evaluated by actual apparatus was stated. Also, the method of controlling drawing corresponding to the complicated drawing pattern which is increasing in recent years was proposed.

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In order to reduce the output errors of micromechanisms, our study has suggested the use of new micro-hinges with a rigidity that has been made suitable enough to decrease the differences between the hinge end locus and the circular locus. Based on this, we have conducted theoretical analyses, while at the same time creating micro-hinge models using a semiconductor minute processing technique for our experiments. Afterwards, we will discuss and study the effectiveness of the use of the suggested micro-hinges, through comparisons with conventional shaped micro-hinges. The results clarified that the suggested hinge models could reduce errors with the circular locus. This ultimately confirms the effectiveness of our newly reinforced micro-hinge.

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The positioning accuracy of head-positioning system of hard disk drives (HDD) has been improved to meet the demand for larger data capacity. The recent positioning accuracy is less than 100 nm (±3σ) and non-repeatable runout is less than 50 nm. The accuracy of HDD is close to that of XY-stage in semi-conductor equipment devices. The author shows that some of the error sources in HDD and XY-stage are the same, but the difference is in the dynamical error sources such as the vibrations. According to this comparison, the author then shows the several unified mechanics and control technologies ("nano-mechatronics") to achieve nanometer order precise positioning.

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In this paper, we designed robust controllers for a track-following system in magneto-optical (MO) disk drives, and succeeded in reducing the order of controllers for practical use. We estimated the performance of robust controllers and confirmed that tracking error could be reduced by about 60% compared with a conventional PID controller. We also estimated achievable tracking accuracy while changing the three dominant parameters that restrict the performance of the control system : frequency of mechanical resonance, sampling frequency of the feedback controller, and specifications for robust stability.

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This paper describes a new head positioning mechanism of a magnetic disk storage. The new positioning mechanism is designed on the basis of the concept of the in-phase positioning mechanism. It has two voice coil motors ; one is a conventional VCM, main-actuator, and the other is a small VCM, sub-actuator, attached on the middle of the arm. Generally, such a dual-actuator system must be driven with two controllers, however, the proposed positioning mechanism requires only one controller for a zero-residue condition of the main-resonance. The way to control the proposed positioning mechanism is called cooperative control. In order to clarify the validity of the proposed positioning mechanism and the cooperative control, a H_∞ controller is designed and applied to the system. A 1.2kHz servo-bandwidth is obtained for 20kHz sampling frequency in a numerical example.

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This paper discusses four track-following controller designs for a dual stage hard disk drive system with a slider based piezoelectric micro-actuator. The use of dual stage actuator in hard disk drive system has become a means of achieving increased servo actuator bandwidth. LQG regulator is applied to the compensator design of a dual stage hard disk drive. This paper is described and compared four control system architectures (Parallel loop, Master-Slave, Master-Slave with De-coupling, Dual feedback) for a dual stage hard disk drive system. Numerical simulations in both frequency and time domains show performance improvements of the dual stage hard disk drive system over the conventional single stage hard disk drive system.

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A high-area density is supported by progresses not only of BPI (Bits Per Inch) nowadays, but also of TPI (Tracks Per Inch). We proposed and approached new positioning mechanisms for HDD system. In this report, a linear actuator which was constructed with a linear air bearing and a voice coil motor was investigated. The actuator system is suitable for ultra-precise track following and high speed-seeking. This system had resonance frequency two times as high as a conventional rotary type. As the result of servo-tracking by using this actuator with D-MIG head, the tracking system can follow the track at precision within 1/20 track width of the head. Furthermore, the actuator can feed at 10 nm resolution and keep constant speed by using an optical fiber displacement sensor.

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Demodulation of the servo tracking signals magnetically printed on hard disks by using a lithographically patterned master disk has been studied. Position signal decoded from the printed servo pattern was successfully demonstrated on a spin stand. Position error evaluated in a prototype drive was 30% track pitch. Pulse timing shift control by compensating the pattern dimension, and introduction of more sophisticated servo control system for actively controlling the printed pattern eccentricity would be key issues for further improvements.

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Wide frequency band is needed for HDD actuator mechanical characteristics to position heads precisely on tracks. In this paper, a new type actuator for HDD is proposed which is based on the new concept called a mode control method. The mode control system cancels a major resonant mode on the transfer function of a servo system and makes the servo band wider. The new type actuator has two driving mechanisms. One is a conventional driving coil and another is a PZT actuator which operates in parallel with the driving coil. The two actuators drive different major mode shapes that have same resonant frequencies and phases but different gains. By driving the PZT at an inverse gain of the coil, the major peak of the head actuator can be decreased and a dominant peak of the head actuator moves to a higher mode. Simulation and experimental results agreed well and showed good performance.

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A rubber roller with tactual sensor is developed experimentally for a reliable paper feed of paper handling devices. The condition of contact between the roller and the feeded paper is monitored by using a piezoelectric element mounted in the roller. The features of the monitored signal are analyzed and this enables to disinguish the paper feeding from the slip of the roller or the paper. The motion of paper feeded by the roller is simulated by the finite element method and the results also certify the possibility.

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This paper describes a contact micro-mechanics of a web feeding mechanism that consists of a rubber-coated steel roller and a steel roller. First, on the assumption of plane-strain, Green's functions of a cylindrical rubber with a steel core are calculated with the Boundary-Element Method. Green's functions represent deformations for concentrated normal and tangential unit forces on the rubber surface. Second, a contact problem of a rubber-coated steel roller and a steel roller is investigated using Green's function. Contact normal and tangential pressures, and strain of rubber are calculated with given loading and traction forces. Calculation results describe micro-slips and traction characteristics of this feeding mechanism. And the numerical predictions are confirmed by experimental results.

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Paper feeding systems with rubber-covered roller drive are widely used in information processing devices such as copy machines, printers and ATM. It is important in their designs to control the paper velocity with precision. Accordingly, the experimental verification is carried out to estimate the effects of the normal load between two rollers, the back tension of a paper sheet and also the change of the frictional coefficient on the velocity ratios of the paper translation to the roller rotation. Next, the behaviors of a rubber-covered roller driving a loaded paper sheet together with a rigid roller are simulated in transition from the micro-slip contact to the rolling contact with non-linear finite element analyses. And furthermore, the variations of the shearing stress distributions and the deformations of the rubber as well as the local slippage in the various kinds of conditions are investigated by enforcing the rotating condition on the rubber-covered roller. As a result, the effects of the normal load, the tension force and the driving configuration on the velocity ratios are studied by using the presented mechanical model, which is based on the deformation mode and the micro-slip zone in the contact nip.

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We have developed a method to improve the printing quality of an electrostatic ink-jet printer. In developing this method, first, we measured the path of a deflected droplet, as well as its velocity and air drag, in order to determine the influence of the aerodynamic force on the drop-displacement error. Then we observed the change of the path caused by the air drag in order to determine the influence of the wake generated by the preceding droplet. Understanding of these influences enable us to reduce the drop-placement error by increasing the strength of the electric field and by shortening droplet's flying path.

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Silicone oil applied to the fuser roller influences the releasing ability of the toner and fuser life. We therefore analyzed the oil-delivery mechanism of a wick-type oil system using non-woven felt. Accordingly, we found that the density of oil stocked in the felt is directly proportional to the density of the felt. Moreover, the quantity of oil stocked in the felt is determined by volume of the felt. And the diameter and wettability of the fiber in the felt is determined by the velocity of oil-delivery. These results shows that this type of oil system is applicable to a high-quality color laser printer.

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In order to enhance reality of a virtual object and handling skill of a robot, tactile sensation provides essential information used by a human being and a robot. Key parts for the human being and the robot are a tactile sensor and a tactile display, respectively. Firstly, optical tactile sensors are demonstrated to explain sensor design. Second, the tactile display is described to show that human sensation mechanism should be considered for the display specification. Finally, several applications for the tactile sensor and display are exemplified to discus effectiveness of the tactile sensor and display.

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The dynamic behavior of a damped vibration system containing thixotropic materials is experimentally investigated. Thixotropic materials are substance which liquefy when stirred or shaken and return to the hardened state upon standing. We constructed the test apparatus of a washing machine to evaluate the vibration behavior of it. Normally, the outer tub of a washing machine is suspended by the supporting bar with damping mechanism. We proposed the new damping mechanism with thixotropic material. The displacement and acceleration of the outer tub are measured when the inner tub with unbalance mass is rotated. The tests indicate that the damped system containing thixotropic materials show good vibration characteristic. As the consistency of thixotropic materials increases, the displacement and acceleration of the outer tub decrease.

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