In the present paper, we propose a modified Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation method to analyze a gas flow in nanometer scale narrow area placed between walls. In the method, we use the diffiise reflection model which assume that the wall is smooth and gas molecules reflect difiusely on the wall surfaces. This model is usually used in the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Using the MD simulation method, the Couette flow problem, in which a gas flow is induced between two parallel plates separated by 10nm and running opposite directions by 785m/s, is analyzed numerically.

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Recording media with grooves such as discrete track media (DTM) and bit-patterned media (BPM), are considered to be some of the most promising media for achieving ultrahigh track densities. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important to analyze the static and dynamic characteristics of flying head sliders over DTM/BPM media using the molecular gas-film lubrication (MGL) equation. In this paper, we expand typical BPM disk configuration to Fourier series and first obtain time independent slider attitude and use the perturbation method in the frequency domain for dynamic responses to obtain not only the stiffness and damping produced by the air film but also the negative stiffness caused by the attractive van der Waals (vdW) force. The slider with 3 degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) over an asymmetric groove-slider configuration has a rolling motion in addition to translational and pitching motions. The dependence of the dynamic characteristics such as spacing fluctuations on the groove depth and the frequency were numerically obtained.

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To increase the areal recording density of hard disk drives, the magnetic spacing between the head and magnetic disk must be reduced. Therefore, the head-disk clearance also has to be reduced. Thermal flying height control technology has been applied to move the head element close to the disk in recent hard disk drives. However, it is necessary to control flying height properly to keep the same clearance because it changes in various environmental conditions. We have focused on studying the effect of environmental conditions on the clearance. In a humid environment, it is generally observed that a slider loses its flying height possibly due to the pressure drops caused by water vapor condensation in the air bearing. In our experiment, the effect of humidity on clearance was investigated quantitatively with an environmentally controlled component tester. Our finding was that the clearance variation due to humidity is because of not only flying height decrease but also disk touch-down height increase.

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Head disk interface (HDI)system assisted by vapor Perfluoropolyether (PFPE)lubrication was discussed in this paper. PFPE on magnetic disks are widely used as the lubricants for hard disk drives to prevent from the wear at the head disk interface (HDI). The thickness of lubricant changes due to the spin-off and wear by the contact between head and disk. In this study, we confirmed that vapor lubrication replenishes the depletion of lubricant film and the adsorbed lubricant thickness saturated with disk rotation time.

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In recent magnetic storage systems, the spacing between the flying head and the disk has been dramatically decreased to less than 10 nm for realizing ultra-high density recording. Lubricant on the disk is picked-up to the flying head slider due to the intermittent contact between the slider and the disk or due to the condensation of the lubricant vapor. The small amount of the lubricant picked-up to the flying head slider will affect the flying characteristics and the read/write performance. In this study, characteristics of the lubricant pick-up due to the breakage of a liquid meniscus bridge are investigated experimentally and theoretically. It was found that the pick-up volume was affected significantly by the difference of the receding contact angles of two solid surfaces. Theoretical results obtained from a model that the authors proposed showed fairly good agreements with experimental results. The present model is considered to be useful for prediction of the lubricant pick-up characteristics.

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Recently, head-disk-interface (HDI) spacing in hard disk drives (HDDs) has been decreased under a few nanometers by the dynamic flying control (DFH) technology in order to achieve an ultra-high density magnetic recording. However, lubricant pick-up by head slider increases on the HDI with ultra-low flying height. In order to reduce the lubricant pick-up, the pick-up phenomena should be visualized by sensitive method, and that phenomena should be understand at the point of the pick-up mechanism. Therefore, we developed the slider surface analyzing (SSA) tester to observe the lubricant thickness distribution on the slider surface at unloading point. As the results, the lubricant is picked up by the DFH protrusion on trailing pad, when the back-off power is less than approximately 2 nm. On the other hand, the dewetting phenomena were observed on slider surface. The dewetting phenomena occurs the increase of the flying height at head loading after long soak at unloading position.

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Blow-off experiments were conducted for functional PFPE Zdol 3000 and nonfunctional PFPE Z25. Theory predicting the film thickness in blow-off was established. Micro slip of the lubricant film at the hard disk surface was observed for nonfunctional Z25, but not for functional Zdol 3000. It is found, by comparing the experimental results with the theoretical prediction, that micro slip velocity was the highest at the front edge of Z25 film, and it decreased rapidly as the distance from the front edge increased. Accumulation of Z25 lubricant film at the front edge occurred due to the high micro slip velocity at the place. The accumulated upper film had a lower viscosity than the lower layer film.

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In recent magnetic storage systems, the spacing between the flying head and the disk has been dramatically decreased to less than 10 nm for realizing ultra-high density recording. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the deformation and flow characteristics of the lubricant on the recording disk, especially the dynamic deformation of the lubricant, which is suffered from the repetitively applied pressure and shear stress by the flying head slider. In this paper, the dynamic behaviors of the ultra-thin liquid (lubricant) surface by repetitively applied gas pressure or shear stress were numerically obtained by frequency domain analysis. The dependence of the liquid surface deformation on the frequency of the stresses and the disk speed were clarified. Transient behaviors to the steady response analysed by time domain analysis were compared with the frequency domain analysis.

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It is essential to clarify the interaction between the magnetic head and the monolayer lubricant film coated on the magnetic disk in the design of next-generation hard disk drives with ultra-low flying height. However, due to the ultimately thinned thickness of the films, methods that can evaluate those mechanical properties, especially during touch-down and take-off behaviors, have not been established. In this study, by using a shear force measuring method we originally developed, we measured viscoelastic properties of molecularly thin films of polar and non-polar lubricants during touch-down and take-off behaviors.

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Recently, it is important to clarify the interactive forces between slider and disk surfaces in nanometer head-disk interface region in HDD, in order to achieve ultra-high magnetic recording density. This paper describes the interactions between atomic force microscope (AFM) probes and ultra-thin liquid lubricant films. We investigated the difference in a response of the force curve and lateral force by varying the lubricant materials (Z-tetraol, TA-30, D-4OH) and lubricant film thickness. From the experimental results, it was found that meniscus bridge is easy to be extended at high lubricant film thickness. On the other hand, adhesive force and lateral force gradually decreased with an increase in the lubricant thickness. The interactive forces around monomolecular film thickness are affected the adsorption form the lubricant molecules.

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Conventional friction force microscopes (FFMs) had the disadvantage of low force sensitivity due to mechanical interference between torsion caused by friction force and deflection by normal force. To overcome this disadvantage, we developed a dual-axis micro-mechanical probe that measures the lateral force with a double cantilever and the vertical force with a torsion beams. We investigated force sensitivities by FFM measurements and mechanical interference by finite element method. It is clarified that the dual-axis probe has high force sensitivity and low crosstalk effect.

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To further increase recording density of hard disk drives (HDDs), it is necessary to reduce the flying height of magnetic head. Recently, the flying height of magnetic head is under 2nm by using Dynamic Flying Height (DFH) control. To more reduce the flying height, we studied the light contact recording which means that DFH protrusion is sliding on the lubricant film surface. We analyzed the DFH slider dynamics by acoustic emission (AE) from the Pzt element attached on the head suspension. As a result the different vibration modes were measured the contact of sliders with lubricant surface and carbon surface. In additions, it was found that the magnitude of the slider vibration at continuous contact with between the lubricant film depends on the lubricant material. In other words, Z-dol2000S showed lower vibration than Z-tetraol2000S.

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To compare the effects of anneal and UV irradiation, monolayer PFPE Zdol2000 films coated on magnetic disk surfaces were treated by anneal or UV irradiation, and then friction properties of the films were measured as functions of external load and sliding speed. In contrast to annealed films, UV-irradiated films exhibited noticeable fluctuations in friction during repeated measurements. We confirmed that the fluctuations, possibly caused by unstable contact state between a slider and UV-irradiated films, can be suppressed by high speed sliding. We also demonstrated that annealed PFPE films show strong dependence on sliding speed as compared with UV-irradiated films. Friction of annealed films was slightly smaller than that of UV-irradiated films at the low speed of 2.1 mm/s, but became significantly larger than that of UV-irradiated films at the high speed of 210 mm/s.

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In the head-disk interface (HDI) of a hard disk drive (HDD), lubricant deformation affects flying characteristics of the head slider, as the flying height decreases. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the deformation and flow characteristics of lubricant on a recording disk. In particular, in heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), laser heating of the lubricant induces surface tension distribution, which may cause deformation of the lubricant film. In this paper, we three-dimensionally analyzed the liquid film deformation caused by the temperature distribution by using the unsteady state and linearized long wave equation with consideration to temperature and film thickness dependence of the surface tension.

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In the head-disk interface (HDI) of a hard disk drive (HDD), lubricant deformation may affect flying characteristics of the head slider. In particular, in heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), laser heating of the lubricant changes surface tension distribution, which may cause deformation of the lubricant film. The long wave equation was employed to examine deformation of ultra-thin liquid films. In this paper, we proposed a heat transfer model considering heat conduction of solid and liquid, and surface deformation of thin liquid film caused by a local heating were numerically analysed.

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Laser-assisted magnetic recording is one of the novel technology for achieving a magnetic recording density of more than 1 Tb/in^2. In this technology, it is suggested that there is serious issues for the ultra-thin liquid lubricant films on the disk surfaces. This is because these films are heated to high temperature using laser beams. In this study, we focused on the local temperature on disk surface due to laser heating in laser-assisted magnetic recording. The local temperature increase was identified using the change of refractive index and absorption coefficient of the DLC film experimentally. In addition, the estimated temperature was compared with the computer simulation results and good agreement was obtained.

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In order to bring the nano processing technology using SPM probes from R&D stage to practical use, it is indispensable to improve its throughput drastically. One way to achieve higher throughput is fabricating an array of multiple probes and using these probes simultaneously. In this case, deviation of electric contact characteristics at individual probe tips may disturb the optimal processing action. In this study, the authors are focusing on the relation between the contact resistance and the contact force of nano probe tips. We used a contact AFM which can apply a bias voltage to a substrate holder and measured the contact resistance between an AFM probe tip coated with a conductive film (tip radius: several 10〜100nm) and a surface of conductive substrates. The substrate surface condition should resemble the practical use. Therefore, we employed a cleaning process feasible in the actual manufacturing environment. By investigating the effects of the several factors such as the surface condition of substrates, the tip radius of probes, the authors studied the quantitative deviation and dispersion of the actual contact characteristics from the traditional contact theory.

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Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) is suitable for MENS actuator because it is light, and the amount of the transformation is large. SMP is the glass transition temperature (Tg) to recover the shape of the molding over time, Tg below to hold the shape. This shape-memory because unidirectional, there is a need to devise a structure. Indicate that the following structure and operating principle, in the film and forming one side of the SMP board will give the deflection shape memory. Similarly, the opposite different Tg of the SMP in terms of shape memory before giving a deflection to forming the. reverse, thickness 0.1mm, length 30mm, width 3mm, PET material was measured using the relationship between temperature and displacement of the beam, less temperature (Tg1) of about 100μm tip caused by the deflection of beams, high temperature (Tg2) is offset by the deflection, it was confirmed that work above and below the temperature constant

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The deformation on the surface of the gold MEMS opposing tips was observed with a transmission electron microscope. A gold nanocontact was formed between the tips, resulting in 92 μA under 1 V in bias voltage. And then, the nanocontact was separated with the retraction using MEMS actuators. After the breakage of the gold nanocontact, the tip was vibrated and performed the cyclic contact/separation experiment. The shape of the tip were initially sharpened from 1.3 nm up to 0.6 nm in radius curvature at 17 millicon times and finally flattened to 4.1 nm at 17.7 millicon times.

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We studied a new fabrication process for a micro mirror array device with piezoelectric unimorph actuators and simulated its actuation. In this fabrication process, piezoelectric thin film (PZT ; Pb(Zr,Ti)O_3) is deposited on SOI substrate by sputtering after actuator parts are released by BHF wet etching. Therefore, patterning or etching piezoelectric layer is not necessary, which means that proposed fabrication process can apply to various piezoelectric devices. Furthermore, we confirmed the actuation of proposed micro mirrors by FEM simulation.

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In this study, we propose a concentrically arrayed micro-mesh structure for high resolution gene analysis using fiber DNA. The micro-mesh structures composed of tapered micro-wires were fabricated by a rotated / inclined exposure method with a single step of the lithography. DNA fibers are constructed over micro-mesh structure array by centrifugal stretching, and can achieve high throughput Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization.

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Power-assist of the lower-limb movement is sometimes important for the physically weak persons such as elderly, disabled, or injured persons. A power-assist exoskeleton robot which is controlled based on user's electromyogram has been developed to realize the assist according to the user's movement intention. In this paper, we propose an EMG-based control method which provides the required joint torque for lower-limb power-assist to realize the posture of deep knee flexion in Japanese lifestyle. The proposed controller can be automatically trained with fuzzy-neurro modifier.

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This paper describes an upper-limb power-assist robot which assists the perception of the user using visual information as well as the daily motion of the use. In the proposed method, the robot estimates a performing task of the user by monitoring a tool or an object grasped by the user at first.. If the robot has found problems in the user's motion during the task, the robot automatically tries to modify the user's motion to perform the task properly. If the robot has not found any problems in the user's motion, then the ordinal power-assist is carried out by the robot. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated by performing the experiments.

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In this paper, we proposes an face recognition method with an interactive recognition modules model. We model the recognition to two layers, lower layer is a Gabor wavelet transform system, higher is multi-agent systems. In the lower layer, 5 output images is extracted for whole face and 4 parts of face, left and right eyes, nose and mouth, from an input image by Gabor wavelet transform, An output image is for the distribution of frequency features for each parts or whole face. In the hight layer, the 5 outputs for whole face and 4 parts are 5 agents inputs, relatively, each agent recognizes the coresponded part with adding another agent recognition output. We confirmed by the experiment, that the proposed method is effective.

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We propose a method that the relative poses of robot vehicles are estimated by using audible sound wave. It consists of CSP(Cross-power Spectrum Phase analysis) method and least square method. We used assumption that 3 robot vehicles exist in an anechoic room, each vehicle has 2ch synchronized microphones and 2ch speakers of known position parameters, and each speaker can make any distinguishable sound from another speaker at any time. Each robot vehicle can observe the differential time of 2ch synchronized microphone from a speaker. The robot vehicles estimated the relative poses from the diffrential times. And on a set of values of the estimated parameters, we calculated how large errors they include by influences from obsevation errors. In the future, if microphones arrays can synchronize each other, we can treat a set of microphone arrays as a larger scale microphones array.

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This paper presents the new warning method to increase the driver's sensitivity for recognizing hazardous factors in the driving environment. By performing many experiments to 5 subjects, the response time for detecting the mark that is shown suddenly tends to be decreased when the subliminal marks are shown up in advance. Some experimental results tell us the subliminal mark with directional arrow is available for guiding an attention to certain object.

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This paper presents a primitive study on applying the ultrasonic wave for the driving assistant systems from a human-machine interface point of view. The lap time of playing computer game machine as the performance index of operation with / without ultrasonic sound was measured for five subjects. Results show us the operational characteristics of subjects are changed by ultrasonic presentation. Some subjects tend to concentrate to play game under ultrasonic environments, compared with normal circumstances.

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This paper addresses a skill quantification technique focused on human input characteristics. Generally, human skills are evaluated with operation performance by measuring easily like a tracking error. However, the skill is related to human learning process and the internal model should be considered. In this paper, the time series of information to the human, which is to determine human operation input, is investigated with multiple neural networks.

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This paper describe about deliberation of TEG (Test Element Group) for MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) electrostatic actuator. We entertain three type of TEG. First TEG is for measuring spring constant by bringing displacement given by comb-drive. Second TEG is for measuring energy dissipation on viscosity, structural and boundary face. Last one is for measuring effect by mismatched designed parameters on wafer by fabrication process. We employ these TEG for verifying MEMS equivalent circuit simulation and feature of devices fabricated in block on Si wafer.

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We report a SiO_2 electret for comb-drive actuators that do not need to apply a driving voltage. A Si wafer was oxidized in a electric furnace where potassium ions are injected by bubbling of KOH solution using nitrogen gas (N_2). The thickness of SiO_2was 500 nm. This SiO_2 film with potassium ions was polarized by the bias-temperature (B.T.) treatment. When the B.T. treatment voltage was -35 V and the temperature was 200 ℃, the initial surface potential was 10.3 V. This value was gradually dropped at 8.6 V five hours later. The decrease is assumed to settle down in 7.6 V by the calculation. This value is sufficient to drive comb actuators.

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Composite material made of magnetic nanoparticles/SU-8 is expected to be material of microactuators which can be controlled by external magnetizing field and easily fabricated by only photolithography. In this study, we evaluated the dispersion degree of the proposed nanocomposites mixed by both a planetary stirrer and an ultrasonic stirrer. As a result, the planetary stirrer achieve higher dispersion degree than the ultrasonic one. By a magnetic driving test in a microchannel, it is confirmed that the fabricated element made of the proposed nanocomposite move with the external magnetic field applied by an electromagnet.

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We propose a micro liquid chromatography chip which has a high density pillar array of a submicron gap for the purpose of the reduction of sample volume and analysis time. Submicron gap was achieved by alternate deposition of oxide film and poly-Si to the micro pillars fabricated by Si microfabrication process. The chip was evaluated by the relationship between flow rate and gap length and the substrate dependency of surface modification. We examined the feasibility of the separation of the lysozyme using this chip.

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In the optical 3-D shape measurement instrument, we propose a new constitution which uses only one CCD camera. Conventional 3-D shape measurement instrument was uses two CCD cameras. However we propose to measure the 3-D shape by using single CCD camera this study. In this system, we can expect anticipate reduction in size and weight of measurement instrument. In addition, this measurement instrument can measure the shape with alignment-free between the optical source and CCD camera. We proposed the new constitution, designed the measurement instrument and confirmed the measurement principle.

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The research and development concerning the car will be actively done as of 2010. Today, backup that aims at low carbon society from existence of reduction movement of heat-trapping gas for global warming prevention expected that the number of introductions of hybrid car will increase in the future. Meanwhile, the hybrid car and electric vehicle confirmed that the situation that is not noticed the approach of these cars easily or not noticed at all happens because the sound is structurally small. Purpose of study is development of Haar-Like-Feature and the pattern detection by AdaBoost and the development of the device which used a parallax image by the stereo matching. That detects car of dorsal from pedestrian side and promotes collision avoidance. This reports on the effectiveness of the basic research and system.

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This paper describes the basic research about the digging type robot which digs and explores underground. This robot consists of two legs and a joint which connects two legs, and moves like measuring worm using the difference of coefficient of dynamic friction between grounded parts of two legs. And this robot digs by using the characteristic that the robot pushes the ground at the time of drive. We analyzed these motions of the robot dynamically and developed the motion equation. Then we confirmed these movement motions by simulation. Also, we confirmed the possibility of digging by using the characteristic at the time of the drive.

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We have proposed a system that supports the proficient operation of an electric wheelchair with acoustic information. The audio system provides the electric wheelchair user with acoustic information with the aim of conferring an intuitive feeling of how the wheelchair is operated. To investigate whether or not this audio system promotes efficient operation of the wheelchair, we constructed a sensing system for analyzing the movement of the electric wheelchair. We made a straight-line-course with step to measure the joystick and motion behavior of an electric wheelchair. We repeated a running test of the electric wheelchair for the same test subjects until they improve operation skill. We thereby demonstrated that there is a relationship between the acting on a joystick and vibration. We also investigated whether or not to listening sounds promotes efficient operation of the wheelchair.

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Electromagnetic valves in air conditioning units generate an excitation force that gives rise to pipe vibration. Pipe stress caused by this excitation force should be evaluated at the design stage to determine an appropriate piping structure. We conducted an experiment in which we released compressed air from the electromagnetic valve and measured the excitation force generated using a load cell. We focused our attention on fluid-step excitation force and we clarified its magnitude, application point and application direction. We proposed a formula for computing the magnitude of the step force and showed how this formula could be used to determine the excitation force. We conducted an experiment using refrigerant-circulating equipment to determine whether this computational formula for excitation force could be applied to refrigerant used in actual equipment. We indirectly measured excitation force using a differential-pressure gauge and flow meter and demonstrated that the formula was also valid for actual refrigerant.

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This paper describes a new method for three-dimensional transportation of liquid droplets using EWOD (Electro Wetting on Dielectric). This method utilizes surface tension and electrostatic forces, which become significant at the microscale. The droplet transported on a vertical or upside down surface is affected by gravity force. In order to reduce the gravity effect, volume of water was reduced and shape and size of electrodes were changed. A water droplet was transported on a inclined surface, and the angle of inclination was changed from 10° to 360° by every 10°. The results show that water droplet can be transported on all inclined surfaces. Horizontal transportation of a droplet on a vertical surface was also made successfully. In addition, the device was also fabricated on a polyimide flexible substrate and a droplet was successfully transported on the curved surface.

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This paper describes manipulation of liquid droplet by EWOD(Electro Wetting on dielectric) method. Contact angle of liquid droplet can be controlled electrically. This study focuses on effectiveness of silicone oil for EWOD method. The contact angle response improved by silicone oil, and the response can be repeated, we tried EWOD experiment in silicone oil, because silicone effect be good for EWOD.

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Micro-droplets of distilled water on solid surface were observed with an atomic force microscope (AFM) in non-contact mode. It is preferable to observe it by tapping mode or contact mode from the point of view of resolution. However, it is difficult to observe micro-droplets because of deformation of micro-droplets or liquid bridge formation. In this paper, AFM probe were treated with water-repellent. We tried to observe micro-droplets by tapping mode. As a result, micro-droplets, which is 40 nm in height, were observed. In addition, we tried to evaluate capillarity of droplet by tapping mode force curve.

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When high voltage was applied to a tube filled with liquid, small droplets were ejected from the tip of the tube. We named this phenomenon "ELID method". We carried out the study to print circuits on insulator by the ELID method. The electrostatic field at the tip of the tube was charged and not stable because of the charge of the attached droplets on the insulator. New experimental set-up was developed to clear this problem. Voltage was applied between the tube and the plate electrode that had a hole on the insulator. The electrostatic field at the tip of the tube was constant. We printed circuits that width was some 10μm.

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We have studied the dynamics of toner and carrier particles in a two-component magnetic brush development system used for electrophotography in order to improve the image defect due to the bead-carry-out (BCO) phenomenon. It has been confirmed that developed toner particles on the photoreceptor increases and the number density of the adhered carrier particles decreases when the effective AC voltage superposed on the DC development voltage is high. Because the developed toner particles reduce the surface voltage of the latent image on the photoreceptor, the BCO is improved when the amount of developed toner particles is high.

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Implantable medical devices need to transmit information between the inside and the outside of a human body. Therefore, sufficient information needs to traverse a long communication distance but at low power. However, electromagnetic waves attenuate when information is transmitted through tissues such as muscle, skin, and various organs. In this paper, we propose a new method for wireless information transmission that uses whole-body resonance. First, we constructed a cylindrical human body model (170 mm high). Electromagnetic simulation was provided by a small implanted dipole antenna. We then examined the maximum frequency values, taking the electric and magnetic fields surrounding the human body model and dividing by the transmitting power of the antenna. The maximum frequency value was 43 MHz, which was essentially the same frequency as the theoretical value of whole-body resonance (44.1 MHz). Therefore, information may possibly transmit more efficiently using whole-body resonance.

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This paper reports on the analysis of electric field intensity radiated from a ventricular assist device (VAD). We constructed two types of models (i.e., a VAD model without a human and one with a human) in an electromagnetic simulator (SEMCAD-X). The VAD model without a human (Model 1) consisted of the external controller, a couple of wires, and the VAD actuator in a tank (27 cm x 27 cm x 10 cm) filled with physiological saline. The VAD model with a human (Model 2) consisted of Model 1, plus the addition of a cylinder 40 cm diameter and 172 cm high (e.g., 100 MHz : relative permittivity: 66, conductivity: 0.7). This cylinder simulated a muscle in the human body. During the simulation, the maximum electric field intensity (E) to a distance three meters from these models was analysed from 30 MHz to 200 MHz. When the frequency was 30 MHz, E of model 1 was larger than E of model 2 by 1.6 dBμV/m. Therefore, there is a possibility that the human body absorbs electromagnetic waves and reduces the electric field intensity.

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This paper describes a characteristic evaluation of a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) sensor. The sensor has a basic structure that the SPE film is sandwiched between thin carbon films. Each carbon is coated with Ag paste and they are covered with polymer films. SPE film has a good flexibility, and can be used in air. The SPE sensor output is related to the average of the curvature of the measured surface. In this paper, in order to obtain the output characteristics of the SPE sensor, the influence of the area size of the sensor element on the sensor output is investigated. As a result, it is found that the output is independent of the area size of the sensor element.

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This paper is concerned with a identification method of the Braille special characters using Braille sensor system. The compact Braille sensor using a PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) film is developed. The sensor output is measured with the sensor grasped with left hand moving over Braille manually. The Braille character is recognized by the obtained waveform. Then the recognized character is informed to user by voice. Braille of Japanese syllabary characters, for example 'ga', 'gi', 'gu', 'ge' and 'ge', are expressed by combining a special character, which represents sound type, and a normal character, which represents 46 Japanese syllabary characters, for example ka', ki', "ku', ke' and ko'. The signal processing for identification of normal and special Braille characters is proposed. The proposed method is examined experimentally. The obtained results show that the identification method is effective to recognize the special character of Braille.

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