Before writing the research paper, the following should be considered: why you are writing the paper, who will read it, how and what will be written, presentation, and to which journal it will be submitted. Instructions to authors must also be followed carefully. While the form must remain constant from the introduction to the conclusion, its rigidity depends on the kind of paper; original or unpublished dissertation, rapid communication, editorial, case report, and so on, A well-written research paper is an example of self expression in order to explain or persuade, interpret or criticize one's ideas to others.
　Only through well-constructed sentences, paragraphs, and sections, can this be accomplished.

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　An 88-year old woman who had received radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix 30 years ago was diagnosed to have stage Ⅲ vaginal cancer. During radiotherapy the patient was treated with 6MV x-ray irradiation (whole pelvis: 30Gy,uterine-vaginal region: 20Gy). This resulted in a grade Ⅲ acute perineal skin reaction with severe hyperemia,widespread erosion and pain. Initial care for the skin reaction required the anterior perineum to be frequently washed due to wetness from incontinence. After washing,ointment (UNI SALVE) and powder (VARICARE) were applied. This treatment continued for two weeks. Pain relief and skin repair were achieved in 16 days,enabling the patient to be discharged after 20 days upon commencement of the skin care. This treatment could be employed to promote regeneration of the impaired skin.

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　Sixty-six cases of abdominoperineal resection of the rectum were divided into two groups for comparison: Group A (n=19),with stoma created by a skin incision measuring 24-26 mm,and Group B (n=47),with stoma created by a skin incision measuring 20 mm.
　The size of stoma ranged from 25 to 30 mm in Group B,which was about 5 mm smaller than that in Group A.
　As for stoma shape,round stoma totalled 31.6％ of Group A as compared with 56.6％ in Group B. Elliptical or indeterminate stoma tended to be observed more frequently in obese patients.
　In Group A,36.6％ of stoｍas were less than 8 mm in length;about 60％ of them were from obese patients. In contrast,only 8.4％ of cases in Group B had stoma of less than 8 mm in length; about 80％ of cases were obese.
　The results indicate that in creating stoma,a precise 20 mm skin incision may lead to a more compact,well-rounded and adequately protruded stoma. In obese patients,however,other techniques may be required. Since weight gain after surgery would modify the conditions of stoma or surrounding abdominal region,additional guidance for weight-control is also important.

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　The side-effects of antitumor agents are often a problem in stomal management,not only with regard to the gastrointestinal tract itself but also with respect to bone marrow suppression,decreased immune function,skin lesions,and neurological disorders. In this study,the care of colostomy patients with severe edema and ulceration of the stomal mucosa and surrounding skin resulting from the administration of antitumor agents for hematologic malignancies was reviewed. The following conclusions regarding stoma care during chemotherapy were obtained. In stoma care during chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies,it is necessary to take into consideration the systemic effects of antitumor agents and to reduce mechanical stimulation caused by the stomal apparatus,as well as preventing secondary infection of the stoma or skin. If an ulcer develops,it is important to select an appropriate apparatus in order to reduce the pressure on the affected site and to devise suitable ways to care for the patient. Patient education is also very important.

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　This paper discusses an analysis of ostomates' problems. Data was gathered through patients' consultations conducted between February 1987 and August 1993.
　A total of 155 patients - 101 men and 54 women were interviewed and categorized according to stoma type. 160 stoma cases were classified as follows: 106 colostomies(66.2％),5 ileostomies (3.1％),36 cases of ileal conduit (22.5％),and others (8.2%). The three main reasons for the patients' visits to the clinic were:(1)leakage(44 patients),(2)advice regarding the appliance(42 patients),and (3)inquiries about skin care(27 patients).
　As many as 56.8％ of the total patients had their stomas constructed within a one-year period;thus,most of them came for basic information on local management.
　Those who had undergone surgery of over a 3-year period prior to consultation,wanted advice regarding delayed complications.
　In conclusion,until ostomates can manage by themselves,many are in need of professional advice on stoma care after being discharged from hospital.
　For this reason,it is important that health care providers give thorough guidance before and after patients are discharged.

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　To investigate the effect of cranberry juice ingestion on urine pH and urinary tract infection,the juice(50％,320 g/day) was consumed for ten days by patients with urostoma or urethral catheter. Pyuria and bacteriuria did not significantly improve. Urine pH decreased from 7.9±0.95 to 6.6±1.18 in 4 patients with mild urinary tract infection and no catheter. However,in 3 out of 5 patients with severe urinary tract infection and catheter,urine pH either remained constant,or slightly increased. In one case,we reported a decrease in urine pH from 8.5 to 5.0,and an improvement in peristomal dermatitis after drinking cranberry juice for ten days.
　However,in order to determine the effect of cranberry juice on urinary stomas,a long-term observation is required.

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　The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responses from interviews with ostomates by ostomy visitor (OV) so as to improve the quality of life (QOL) at stoma outpatient clinics.
　The subjects consisted of 198 members from an ostomates' association in Tottori Prefecture. They responded to the questionnaires about necessary to interview by OV. In addition, 22 ostomates participated in the follow-up research at Tottori University Hospital. Using information collected before,and 4 to 6 weeks after the interviews with ostomates who had visited the clinics,Twenty-three listed items on the QOL index (QLI) were compared.
　The results of this study are as follows: 1) Only the ostomates who had recovered physically and psychologically agreed to be interviewed by OV. 2) The ostomates who were discharged within two years showed a remarkable increase in the QLI score. 3) An increment of QLI was also found in those who had negatively accepted the stoma and trouble in daily care.

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　We made a new QOL survey consisting of two sets of questionnaires for patients who undergo either one of three operations ureterocutaneostomy or ileal conduit,continent urinary reservoir,or neobladder. One set is a general questionnaire to assess daily life activity,physical condition, social activity,and the psychological state of each patient. The other set consists of questions peculiar to each type of urinary diversion/reconstruction operation. This set also includes a questionnaire to evaluate how far patients understand,accept and are satisfied with the operation. The general questionnaire is performed 4 times a year: before the operation,and 3,6 and 12 months after the operation. The operation-specific questionnaire is performed at 3,6 and 12 months after the operation. The prospective survey has been conducted since July 1994,and 28 patients have participated in it until May 1995. In the present study,we report the results obtained from a pilot survey using the same questionnaire for 69 patients who underwent urinary diversion operation.

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　A historical study analyzing the developments in stoma rehabilitation and related fields in Japan was published in "lgaku Chuo Zassi" between 1965 and 1975（vol. 203-316). This period was the dawn of stoma rehabilitation in Japan.

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