In this article we estimate the private returns to education in Brazil focusing on the non-linearity of the wage function. The Brazilian household survey called PNAD enables us to classify the labor force by very detailed educational level, and we can estimate the wage function flexibly. The results of OLS and quantile regression suggest that the return to education is non-linear and sheepskin effects are considered as the plausible source of the non-linearity.

This study aims to examine whether the criteria of Guatemalan ladino mothers, which they use to evaluate their children's health, differ depending on their household socio-economic characteristics. The analysis indicates a variation in the mothers' perception of the condition of their children's health on the basis of household consumption levels.

Using three input-output tables, the paper analyzes whether Chilean non-traditional natural resource-based export sectors such as fisheries, fruit farming, and forestries have produced different industrial linkage effects, compared with the traditional mining export sector. As a result of the empirical analysis, the backward linkage effects of Chilean non-traditional natural resource-based export sectors have increased and the trend is especially evident in manufacturing sector of wood products and fish products sector. Moreover, we find the ratio of domestic intermediate inputs like prepared animal feeds has substantially increased in the fish products sector. The findings corroborate the fact that the salmon aquaculture has developed backward linkages with domestic suppliers.

Los niños de la calle en Distrito Federal son de la clase popular (Otero 1999). La clase popular generalmente tiene una forma especial de familia, se llama “la familia cercana y la familia vecindad” que es red de ayuda mutua (Masuyama 2004, 2005a, 2005b). “La familia cercana y la familia vecindad” inpide callejerización sobre los niños en la calle (Ferguson 2004a, 2004b, 2005).

Este studio se basa en hipótesis de Ferguson, en particular objeto del studio es los niños de la calle. Inspecciono sobre efectivas familiares de incallejerización y empleo metodo de historia de vida sobre una familia de la clase popular.

El resultado del estudio fue no produce los niños de calle si la clase popular tiene “la familia cercana y la familia vecindad”.

In the Andean region, many small rural farmers continue to depend on semi-subsistence farming systems, resulting among others in low levels of productivity. In order to cope with these problems, some empirical studies show that consolidation of horizontal and vertical relations between different stakeholders is useful to facilitate farmers' knowledge and to improve their competitiveness. We study the contractual relation between private firms linked to international markets and rural farmers in the quinoa cluster in Bolivia as a mechanism to achieve network embeddedness, capture of international market knowledge and upgrading. Results of this analysis show that through the “contract mechanism” the direct interaction of farmers with private companies linked to international business not only brought income benefits for the companies, but also “quinoa farmers” improved their income level with the overall development of the industry, which resulted in a positive impact in local development.

The paper analyzes the background of formal dollarization policy adoption of El Salvador from the viewpoint of political economy. In 1990s, the exchange rate of El Salvador has been pegged to dollar and this policy can be explained by the economic structural changes in 1990s (the shift from coffee export oriented economy to service economy, growth of workers' remittances and import) and the frameworks of Edwards (1996), Frieden et al. (2000), Singer (2008) are appropriate for explaining this regime.

On the other hand, at the end of 2000, the formal dollarization policy was adopted suddenly and forcefully by the ruling government. This can be partly explained by the model of Sun (2002), but in this case, domestic political confrontation and lock-in effect of the policy was the vital factor in the decision making process. The ruling government party was lost to the opposition party in the election of 2000 and the ruling party has tried to introduce the framework of formal dollarization policy, which limits the policy scope and discretion before the opposition party holds office in the future.

In 1990, there was a revision of Japanese Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act. It caused mass-inflow of Brazilian dekassegui workers, who are mainly second generation (nissei) and third generation (sansei), into national labor market.

This paper analyzes how Brazilian dekassegui workers decide their own staying plan when chose to work in Japan, considering previous model which are suggesting that home or host countries economic condition would be one of a factor to solve the model. Furthermore, one of the previous model assuming a Target Saver for temporal immigrant who especially decide to move to host country for saving money to achieve their own aim.

Therefore, this study examined relationships between their return choice and economic condition in Brazil (home) and Japan (host), then, also examined whether this assumption could be applied to Brazilian case in Japan. And, for study, it was used original micro data which was surveyed in with 406 ex-dekasseguis in Parana, south state of Brazil, in 2009. From this result, many had decided to return to Brazil when its economy was recovered from 2004 to 2008, and at the first period until 1998, it certainly showed a tendency to return to Brazil because of achieving the purpose, including a saving in Japan, but after that, its trend was weakened.