While literature of democratization emphasizes the important role of power-sharing “pact” between authoritarian government and unitary and institutionalized opposition, no scholarly work has specified when such opposition emerges. The aim of this paper is to answer this question by analyzing the case of Mexican opposition party, PAN. More specifically, the author focuses on the impacts of electoral law in 1963 /1977 on the institutionalization of the PAN. Based on newly available archival documents of the Mexican Ministry of Interior as well as the opposition party PAN, the author shows that, while electoral law in 1963 prevented the PAN from institutionalizing its internal structures, electoral law in 1977 enabled the PAN render itself as an institutionalized and unitary political party, because electoral law in 1977 stabilized the career patterns within the PAN.

Este trabajo trata la transformación funcional de la industria del vestido para exportación en Guatemala, durante la era del pos-Acuerdo Multifibras que dio inicio en el año 2005. Ante la competencia intensiva de la exportación de la ropa con los países emergentes asiáticos, han surgido nuevas estrategias, entre las grandes maquiladoras coreanas, para perseguir competitividad. En este artículo se aclaran las estrategias de las empresas coreanas tales como: la dispersión de su producción en la región circum-caribeña, el aumento de la capacidad de control del abastecimiento en dicha región; que dirigen al escalamiento funcional de la industria del vestido en Guatemala, a través del análisis de la transformación del cluster y de las grandes maquiladoras coreanas en el período del CAFTA-DR.

What enables civil society to sustain effective participatory institutions? Civil society is assumed to play an important role in enhancing social accountability in new democracies still lacking electoral accountability. Civil society in new democracies, however, has two divergent characteristics: actors controlled by the government and actors independent from the government. To examine the political outcomes produced by these two different aspects of civil society, I observe the workings of participatory institutions. I categorized strategies used by civil society as inside and outside strategies and examined the effectiveness of participatory institutions as a political outcome. Using original observational data collected in Brazil, I compared two National Public Policy Conferences, and attempted to identify the factors responsible for sustaining effective participatory institutions. In so doing, I demonstrate that social pressure produced by civil society serves to sustain effective participatory institutions based on social movement theories.

This research analyzes concepts and practices of Integral Education in Brazil, introduced by the National Education Plan, to clarify the aspect of change in the formal education system from the following two viewpoints: 1) background of emerging of the concepts of Integral Education, and the influence of NGO’s non-formal education, 2) difference of the purpose between the federal government and NGOs by analyzing “More Education” program, implemented as a policy of Integral Education. As a result, we can find some significant points: NGO’s practices for the intensive School-Community relations have importance on building concepts and policy of Integral Education that improve the quality of education by a full-time system, but in practice, the federal government emphasizes the importance on the expansion of school time and the achievement of students while NGOs attach importance to the democratic school management and empowerment of participants of educational activities.