The relationship between the hippocampus and spatial cognition is a major issue in cognitive neuroscience, but research on fish is limited.　Eels are known to migrate on a large scale, but there have been few behavioral studies on the individual level and few studies on the brain.　In this paper, the author introduce an anatomical study to investigate the characteristics of the eel brain using a new index of brain size, as well as an experimental study of their spatial learning.　They displayed reasonable ability of spatial learning based on either visual or hydrodynamic cues.　Furthermore, based on the telencephalic lesion studies, a model in which sensory information is received in the medial part of the dorso-lateral telencephalon and sent the information to the ventral part of the dorso-lateral telencephalon, which is suggested to be the mammalian hippocampus analogue, is proposed.　There is a possibility that both completely wild eels and completely farmed ones （individuals that do not experience sea） can be studied, and the eels are expected to be useful animals for research on relationships between environment and development of the brains.

　　The objective of this study is to measure the impact of multisensory learning incorporating an original haptic modality on human visual memory via a behavioural experiment using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test （ROCFT）.　Recent studies have reported that children with difficulties in letter or figure perception have weaker visual perception processes.　The scientific evidence on the effect of the learning support using haptics is required.

　　Adult participants （n=52） drew a ROCF image through copy and recall, and then re-learned the image using a three-dimensional ROCF plate.　Two groups were formed:the V-H group relearned the image using two modalities （haptics and vision）, whereas the V group was only visually explored.　The second task was administered 24 hours after the first session.　The data was analysed by two-way ANOVA with the scores on ROCFT as a dependent variable and the different modalities and scores before and after the learning as independent variables.　In addition to the total scores on ROCF, scores in each subunit divided into three were also analysed in the same way.　The result suggested the validity of visuo-haptic multisensory cognitive integration on visual memory.

　　Many cognitive elements are involved in handwriting.　However, it has not yet been clarified how handwriting changes as cognitive ability improves.

　　This study is a preliminary study of the cognitive activity of handwriting and attempts to clarify the changes in handwriting between children and adults.　This study investigated the relationship between development changes in writing dynamics and tendency of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder/autism spectrum disorder （ADHD / ASD） in typical developing participants.

　　A pen tablet was used to examine developmental changes in writing dynamics. Participants included 27 children and 26 adults.　Participants wrote 30 hiragana words dictated by a Japanese woman on a pen tablet.　The write process collected on writing time, writing pressure, on-screen coordinates, and pen angle. In addition, participants answered a questionnaire to investigate trends in developmental disorders.　We analyzed the writing dynamics of hiragana characters to investigate the difference between children and adults.　They differed in writing speed which suggested developmental changes in writing dynamics.　Correlation with developmental disorders suggests that ASD and ADHD affect writing dynamics.　Writing dynamics showed the specificity of ASD and ADHD, which suggests it may serve as an index for screening these conditions.