In recent years, there is a growing need for remodelling exchange mode between human and environment in order to solve environmental issues. The concept of “helping behavior”, which has been studied in the field of psychology, will be applied so as to define environmental helping behaviors.
This paper deals with domestic measures against pollution in public water zones as the typical example of environmental helping behavior. Impediment factors for environmental helping behavior are firstly investigated in view of communication theory through a gaming study for the case of the take Biwa and downstreams. In order to remove these impedimemts, a social promotional system for environmental helping behavior is then proposed; “Club Beach System” and “Blue Mark System”. The former is a system to provide “club beaches” in the Biwa lakeshore, for example, which can be utilized by the downstream citizens. The latter means a system to mark useful goods for environmental conservation by “blue mark”, a part of which can be exchangeable for money subsidized to expensive domestic measures.

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Vocabulary systems are expected to express inter-subjective differentiation of landforms. The aim of this paper is to interpret geomorphological cognition, through case study of river landforms by means of fisherman's terms. As a result, river beds are classified into 12 categories, from a deep pool to a shallow stream, by criteria of following elements, which are depth, the velocity of a stream, material of a river bed, width ratio of a deep pool to a point, and a visual character of water surface. Fishing points are named after these elements, direction of a stream, a pool, a riverside, water route, and a position on a cross section and a longitudinal section. With this folk knowledge, an expert fisherman reads stones accurately one by one to choose fishing points. The results shows that vocabulary systems effectively reflect man's environmental cognition.

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The importance of the concept of alternatives in the management of water resources has been further elaborated, reflecting on the basic arguements presented in the earlier paper [1] as well as making reference to the recent studies on lake/river basin management issues identified in Japan and in some of the developing countries [2]. A general framework of analysis proposed by Hufschmidt and McCauly [6] for integrating issues identified in these international studies was noted as reflecting the observations of historic importance in the U.S. water resource management. Though extremely useful, the proposed framework falls short of providing for unique national orientations in such countries as Japan where contemporary water resource planning and management has been looked upon more as public enterprising than water management in true sense of the words.

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A society, either local or global, can be regarded as being composed of a large number of members, who individually adopt different attitudes of beheviours towards environmental preservation and protection. It is these members themselves that cause most environmental problems and that are responsible for their solution. Sometimes, the distribution of individual attitudes is in a widely disposed multi-modal situation, and sometimes it is sharply peaked at a pro-environment point. A complex mixture of fluctuating rational as well as emotional consideration on the level of the single person finally merges into one resultant attitude, while the macrolevel individual attitudes are transferred to the macrolevel societal attitudes through interaction among the population. Such processes may turn into the collective and global change of the societal behaviour and this change is the key to the solution of some critical environmental problems as well as to the creation of better environment in the region. Therefore, it is necessary to make a static analysis of how the group consciousness will change due to internal and external interactions and how it will convert into actions. In line with such consideration, the present paper presents a general mathematical model to describe the dynamical aspects of the societal opinion and attitude formation in relation to the envionment. The model is based on the “synergetic” method which was developed by Haken and applied to sociology by Weidlich. The applicability of the model to an actual case is also discussed.

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For preservation of living environment, it has become growingly important that inhabitants themselves should more positively and subjectively take part in environmental preservation activities in the community. They are also expected to have an improved understanding and awareness about their living environment.
The level of participation in the activities of an individual is affected by several factors. A function which can express the level of the participation of an individual, developed newly here, is a product of subfunctions of these factors such as his availability of time, health conditions, economic affluence, the number of opportunity to participate, and strength of the incentives encouraging the participation. The incentives are composed of active, passive, anti-active, anti-passive, and habitual ones. These variables depend on the individual attributes, social systems, as well as regional characteristics. In order to study these variables, a questionaire survey was made, as a case study, on the inhabitants' participation in the environmental cleaning activities of the creeks in Yanagawa. As a result, the availability of time was found to be a major factor which is determinative on the participation level and with regard to the incentive, an socially established custom, that is, common space is to be kept clean by the inhabitants, was a major one. The results in Yanagawa seem to be applicable to inhabitants in areas where have not been urbanized completely in Japan.

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The water management systems in channel network in the Saga Plains have a long history. The functions, drainage and irrigation etc., are gradually changing for 400 years with social systems such as modernizing of agriculture and urbanization etc. An integrated water management based on inhabitants' consciousness and water quality is necessary for environmental conservation. For the sake of appropriate environmental conservation of the creeks, 1) historical change of the water management is classified, 2) relationships between the change of water management and social systems are revealed, 3) inhabitants' consciousness is surveyed by the questionnaire. As a result, the change of water management is classified into three processes, that is, the developing process (-1600), the completion process (1600-1940), and the declining process due to water pollution (1940-present). From the result of the questionnaire, important experiences during childhood, such as drinking the water of creeks and swimming, influence inhabitants' consciousness viz, familiarity to the creeks. Especially, the influence appeared strongly on middle-aged inhabitants who were in childhood earlier in the third process. It is necessary to sustain the traditional experiences for conserving the environment.

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The viewpoint of semantic environment is essential for process oriented planning with citizen participation. Event management is one of the way to vitalize regional activities. Walking Event with trails and visiting points with an contingent mental. image, which we called “MEGURI” can make an common image of neighbor environnment. A sacred image of sun and reflected holy spots on Uemachi plateau was formulated in planning of the walking event. The results of questionnaire survey show that a posteriori vague image of the Uemachi environment has been transformed into a consintent conceiving of environment. Participants indicated many resources for upgrading neighborhood environment, being affected by a holly concept produced.
These results clarify that planning and manegement of the Meguri event is one of effective means for peoples to be aware of blessing and reaction from urban environment, in which they have various actions. This type of event was found to have potentiality of converting planning process into ones, which combine physical planning with samantic desiging.

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The auther's interests are focused on the necessity of natural spaces in urban areas for restoring and developing of a symbiotic relationship between man and nature. The purposes of this study are as follows: (i) clarifying characteristics of natural space in urban area through comparing with natural space in rural area or man-made space in urban area.(2) clarifying mechanism of degradation of natural space in urban area.(3) proposing appropriate system for maintaining it as recreation space.
The results led through these analysises as follows: (i) man tends to forget the favor of nature and their lives, and loses natural spaces.(ii) In surburb area of metro-polis it is efficient to conbine obligation to conserve and inhabitants needs for recreation of natural spaces and be acknowledged sustainable continuation of natural spaces.

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The image plan of ecologically sound urban environment for ecopolises, where human society maintains stable, adaptable and sustainable relationship witha natural environment by guiding urban activities to environmentally friendly ones and establishing recycling system/moderate urban metabolism, were framed in Shiga prefecture and Kobe city.
In this paper, strategic tasks and planning tools drawn from initiated planning process in the two regions are discussed for the purpose of constructing ecopolises.
Major topics are appropriate conversion of irrigation channels and rural environmental resources into urban environmental resources by formal urban development, comprehensive plan on permeable and retention-oriented water system, networking of parks with rural resources, space design for eco-system and bioliving, introduction of natural energy utilization system, incentives to regional air-conditioning system with energy-saving concept, and concept-making of environmentally friendly communication system for urban mobility.

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The flood alleviation scheme consists of one diversion channel, four retarding basins and one dam. The measures proposed make it possible to achieve flood alleviation whilst minimising changes of the Kakehashi river, and impacts on historical environments and cultural properties. It is revealed that the preservation of Komatsu-Temmangu shrine at the current state and location is essential, for (1) it is impossible to move the ecosystem of fauna and flora, being in harmony with the precinct buildings and spectacular sight of the shrine, without losing their qualities significantly, (2) the removal of the shrine immediately results in lose of all the personal interactions with it since the foundation in 1657, and (3) the shrine is located at an immobility point. That is, on the basis of an ancient philosophy (i.e. Inyo-Gogyo principle) that lay deep in popular mind at that time, position of the shrine was set at the water edge of the Kakehashi river, and was chosen at the distance of 600m and in the northeast of Komatsu-castle.

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Economic development in most industrialized nations for the first two-thirds of this century was achieved without giving special attention to the limits to growth. They possessed their adequate resource supplies, or they could import resources in unlimited amounts from developing countries. Moreover, the earth was virtually large enough to assimilate the pollutants which were cogenerated and discharged into the environment when resources were utilized. With the magnificent growth of world population and rising standard of material consumption, however, future economic development crucially depends upon its long-term availability of energy and other resources as well as the assimilation capacity of the global ecosystem on the earth. The world must quickly design strategies to shift from its destructive processes of growth to sustainable development paths. In view of this, the present paper presents a theory to discuss the optimum path of resource utilization and associated economic development when the limited availability of resources and the damage cost caused by pollutants are both taken into account. The theory provides a hint for the optimum consumption of fossil fuels by balancing the economic production with the risk of global climate change by CO₂.

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Global warming by greenhouse gases has become the most urgent and critical environmental concern for the mankind. About half of current increases in commitment to global warming is due to carbon dioxide (CO₂) and majority of this is caused by the consumption of energy from carbon-based fossil fuels. As a consequence of international studies, it has become widely recognized that the nations as a whole should take measures to drastically reduce their use of fossil fuels and change their energy dependent growth patterns to sustainable development paths which will be more reliant upon renewable energy sources rather than fossil fuels. In order to seek for an optimal development path under such environmental and energy constraints, this paper presents a world dynamics model to describe the future world development by taking into account the interaction among population, energy, production (GNP), food production, land use, etc. Consumption paths of energy and other limited resources are studied by applying logistic type learning curves. Based on this model, policy options for responding to global warming is discussed and their environmental and economic implications are examined.

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A comprehensive mathematical model on global warming was developed. Sub-models on global energy supply and consumption, cycling of global carbon dioxide and others are combined. Results of some calculations based on the model are demonstrated.

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In these days, it is well known in all the world that sea-salt damages of constructions in the Ryukyu Islands are in severe state. Additionally, in the mainland of Okinawa, especially in middle and north part of the island, seashore circumstanses are changing rapidly due to development for coastal resort facilities. And, in urban district, the water front of residential area are approaching more and more to the surf zone of incoming waves due to land reclamations. Therefore, to find the method to protect the constructions and coastal resort facilities from injuring of sea-salt is urgent necessity. On the contrary, some people pointed out that sea-salt may be benefit to the health of man. So, this is another problem to be studied in relation with sea-salt.
Under these circumstances, the authors considered that it is very important to clarify the fundamental properties of sea-salt in the view point of above mentioned, and they carried out the field observation of distribution of sea-salt amount.
In this paper, the authors present the result of the observation, and discuss on the characteristics of distribution of sea-salt as a factor of local climate of nearshore area.

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Nowadays many types of damage by acid rain all over the world are reported. Concerned with the mechanism of the acid rain generation, the attempt to clarify the influence of the rainfall on the concentration of air pollution materials quantitatively was practiced. By Mann-Whitney's U test, it was practiced the significant test whether there was a significant difference of the concentration between rainy weather and non-rainy weather. The results are as follows;
1) In rainy weather the SO₂ concentration decreases 30-50 %, but in the case of NO_X or CH₄ there is no significant difference between both weathers.
2) It is estimated that the decrease of the SO₂ concentration is caused by the ascending current of the crowd generation.
3) The rainfall in the night-time influences on the concentration more than in the day-time.

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With the development of urbanization, physical structure of urban land surface is subject to rapid changes due to expanded urbanized areas, construction of higher buildings, decreasing evaporating areas, etc. This causes geometrical and climatic changes in cities, such as the rise in average tempareture, formation of heat islands and dry weather. Such mechanism is accelerated by increasing population and energy consumption in cities. In order to establish an ecologically sound city, it is imperative to study the relationship between the physical structure of the city and its thermal characteristics and thereby to establish the technical measures to control its thermal environment. The relation between the physical parameters of the surface of the earth and the urban temperature is studied by using Myrup's one-dimensional energy budget model. Then, the model is improved so as to take into account the role of the heat capacity and the net infrared flux at the surface of the earth. Thus the thermal structure of the city is expressed in terms of the roughness length, relative humidity, albedo, and heat capacity of the urban canopy. Surface temperature estimated by the model is compared with the brightness temperature obtaind by remote sensing data (LANDSAT TM), and a fairly good agreement is obtained between them.

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A method to estimate the amount of energy consumption in urban activities was developed. Activities were categorized into three sectors, namely, manufacturing, commercial, and residential sectors. Energy consumption per capita of employee or resident was obtained for each type of manufacturing or commercial sector, and for residential sector based on national-scale available data. Type of energy, such as electricity, liquid fuel and non-liquid fuel, and purpose of energy consumption such as heating, etc. were identified in these estimations. Characteristics of energy consumption in regional scale can be clarified by using these unit energy consumption values and regional urban activities. This method was applied to Kawasaki City. Industrial zone and residential zone show remarkable contrast in terms of total energy consumption per area, share of each sector and type of fuel.

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In consequence of the urban activity, the thermal environment worse may be made and a bad influence is given for urban life caused by an increase of artificial waste heat. The purpose of the paper is to propose an improvement technique of thermal environment for this artificiality. In the process study, first we assume the heat quantitiy onto mesh unit, then grasp an index of living environment which defined from heat quantity and calorific of human bodys. Second, we ascertain degeneration mesh as an object, propose an improvement technique to apply re-arrangement of land use. KISARAZU and KIMITSU area at Chiba prefecture were experimented as an application of this improvement technique.
As the result, the thermal environment could improved by the re-arrangement of land use.

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A huge amount of energy has been consuming in urban areas. Waste heat brought from consumed energy is in low quality with lower than 50°C and is discharged to either sewer or atmosphere. The recovery of waste heat from sewage is rather easy and is of importance to save energy and to depress the heat island phenomenon in urban areas. The amount of energy consumption and heat flux from heat sources and water supply to groundwater and wastewater treatment plants in Fukuoka were studied in detail. Waste heat transferred to sewer is 9% of the total amount of energy consumption and 37% of the amount of energy consumption by electricity only for water heating in midnight, municipal gas, and liquid petroleum gas in 1988. Recoverable waste heat with more than 5°C temperature difference from that of atmosphere corresponds to 10% of the total waste heat flux to wastewater treatment plants.

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This paper explains a new blasting theory based on the application of maximum period null sequence (M-sequence). nex, outline of the field measurement of a tunnel blasting using this theory is described. about the experiment results, we discuss the availability of the new blasting theory inorder to controle low frequencies component using peak shift in the spectrum of low frequency noise cased by blasting.

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In order to help the environmentally sound management of water regions and their basins, we are struggling to present a new supporting system. This system is made up by three parts; 1) watershed information system comprised of data base, some tools for handling the geographical data, and watershed indicies, 2) a number of models for predicting the future water environment, cost/results of some restoration practices, etc., 3) manual for proposing and giving priority to some reasonable plans of basin-wide management. In this first-report, the structure and functions of watershed information system are discussed and build up for Lake Kasumigaura's basin. In addition, the application of one runoff model (HSPF) to a small basin (9 km²) is examined.

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A scenario analysis method using the trade-off information between efficiency and equity indicators has been proposed for assessing the implication of investment strategies for constructing a wastewater network system. The efficiency indicator takes into account the amount of wastewater projected to be taken in by the system over the planning horizon, and the equity indicator takes into account the differences in the timing of service provision to indivi dual service districts by the completed network system, assuming that wastewater sources will be connected to the network immediately after the completed portion of the network reaches them. The proposed scenario analysis method constitutes a part of the comprehensive policy analysis procedure for strategic reduction of wasteloads entering a large enclosed body of water like that of Lake Biwa.

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Authors developed a dialogical computer graphic system for personal computer (PC-9801) which displays the environmental situations of any meshes in the local areas evaluated by the following equation; V₀=ΣW₁V₁ Wwhere, V₀: total evaluation value, W₁: weiget of i item, V₁: evaluation value of i item.
Evaluation value of each item is scaled by the value function using data of each mesh in the area. This system is applied for three areas in the middle part of HOKKAIDO, and three methods used to determine the weight of item.

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Four case studies have been examined for adaptive management of health and environmental risk derived from golf links development. Risk managemnt patterns are categorized by emission control for risk reduction, sound turf management with advanced pesticide control, delivery control of runoff chemicals, standard setting approach of environmental goal and discharge concentration, and land use planning with development permits. Decision makers choose management strategy among various commitment packages, which consist of these options. A systematic cyclic flow of management process is formulated as a multi-stage model with actions such as monitoring, structuring, designing, choosing, executing, and auditing. Under societal pressures over decisions, local goverment would obtain effective approach to risk management for golf links development and operation with assistance of strategic alternatives-generating and choosing techniques.

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As a result of increasing concentration of population to the cities and enlargement of city area in recant years, many matters have become to be considered at greater metropolitan area. This paper attempts to grasp the trend of great metropolitan area through the green coverage taking the greater Sapporo area, the core city at the north of Japan, as an example. The distribution and secular change of green coverage directly reflects the influence of city development resulting from the enlargement of metropolitan area, and is therefore effective as an index to grasp the trend of development in real time. As a method to grasp the green coverage distribution from macro viewpoint, we analyzed the green coverage distribution using the artificial satellite data of two different times, and after grasping the green coverage distribution and its secular change all over the greater Sapporo area, we analyzed them from the viewpoint of transportation network and regional planning, and then grasped the total trend of metropolitan area.

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This paper examines the fundamentals of underground development and its utilization, including the maintenance and management before, during, and after the planning and construction. It is expected that underground spaces will be densely concentrated within a given region. New problems will arise as follows: the suitable arrangement of underground openings, subsidence and instability due to weathering of the ground around the openings, changes in ground water flow, and so on. Once the underground space has been constructed, it is impossible to return the environment to its initial conditions. In addition repair and reconstruction due to damage are nearly impossible. Therefore, this paper discusses the durability (i.e. durable life) of underground structures from economical, functional, and physical points of view. Especially, the long term stability of underground openings is investigated in detail in connection with several previous accidents. In the future, it is necessary to recognize that “underground developments must be dealt with different from surface ones”. Success of projects depends on planning and maintenance done from a long-term viewpoint, including careful study concerning the affects such systems will have on society.

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Behaviour of pollutant materials in basin is influenced by the socio-economic as well as hydrological conditions. In predicting the arrival pollutant loads at a point, the proper estimate of pollutant run-off ratio is very important. The multiple regression analysis with various influencing factors on pollutant run-off ratio shows that it is more desirable to consider the effects of environmental cognition of residents in evaluating environmental state. As the degree of its cognition, water supply per capita is here chosen among someindices presenting inhabitants' living standard, which can be thought to be proportional to their cognition of environmental pollution. This paper shows we can also predict the temporal variation in pollutant run-off ratio or arrival pollutant loads, with utilizing the factor of living standard with population, discharge and precipitation.
This result gives better agreement with measured value than other existing methods do, in which only population or discharge is considered.

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The higher the water environment quality in a river was, the higher self-purification by sediment micro organisms was. Restoring system of the self-purification in the river was composed of forests and heavy rain. The forests supply water, micro organisms and moderate nutritive substances to the river, and retain the self-purification power. Heavy rain cleans dirty sediment and dirty water in the river, and improves the water environment. In the seasons when we have little rain, such as late autumn and winter, its water environment and the species of micro organisms there become like those of sewage in the local points of the river where a large quantity of domestic and industrial waste water flows in. In the other hand, the worse the water environment quality in the polluted sea area was, the higher the self-purification was. However, the better the water environment quality in the clean sea area was, the higher the self-purification power was.

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Methanogenic bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria play important roles of environmental self-purification in their anaerobic habitats such as lake or river sediment and paddy fields. Because methanogenic bacteria decompose organic substances to methane and carbon dioxide and evolve these gases to the atmosphere, these microorganisms are taken seriously as producers of gases relating to green house effects of the globe. In this study, the author investigated counting methods of viable anaerobic microorganisms which exist in the sediment of a freshwater lake. Estimation of the rolling up of sedimental solids and its influence for water quality were also investigated by counting the number of anaerobic microorganisms in the surface water. The results derived from this study showed that the viable counts of methanogenic bacteria in a lake sediment changed according to the seasonal change in the condition of the sediment such as temperature and composition of organic materials. A clear correlationship was found out betweeen the water quality indexes and the number of viable sulfate reducing bacteria in the lake surface water. This result shows the lake water quality was strongly influenced by the rolling up of sediment. Because methanogenic bacteria were detected in very small number in the surface water, methanogenic bacteria were not good indicator microorganisms which must have high survival potential in aerobic environments.

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A mathematical model has been developed to predict the fate of pesticides runoff of from paddy field and the effects on river water quality. The model included the chemical exchange between water column to soil or sediment via adsorption and desorption, evaporation from water body to atmosphere and kinetic degradation for organic chemicals. The model was verified by field data. Results of model application revealed that pesticides with middle residual character in soil appear higher ratio of runoff than the other chemicals and that appropriate method of irrigation can help control the release from paddy field. Model output also provided concentration levels of pesticide in river water. A four-step evaluation system was proposed to estimate the effects of pesticide on drinking water by taking account of applied amount of pesticide, runoff ratio, toxicity and treatability by water purification processes.

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There is an important need in lowland such as the Saga Plains to study on integrated water management. Open channel, network in Saga is necessary for drainage, irrigation and drinking water etc. Recently, however, water pollution is a serious problem in the channel network. This study is carried out to research on property of water quality in the channel systems in Saga and to develop numerical water quality model for water management in hydraulic network systems. The major transport processes for the modeling are shown to be eutrophication and sedimentation. A numerical model for the simulation of one-dimensional unsteady flow and water quality in channel systems is newly developed. Simple tests are carried out to show the possibtlity of the presented model.

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Proposed in the paper is the Environmental Time Capsule. ET-Capsule in short, which is planned to contain specimens and information representing environmental and biological conditions of the Earth in the end of the twentieth century (A. D. 2, 000). and to conserve them till A. D. 3, 000 or A. D. 10, 000. The capsule will be deposited and kept underground in some monumental place or ice in the polar regions. First. the concept and the aim of the ET-Capsule are presented. Then. three distinguished existing (having berried) ordinary time capsules are compared with each other. Namely. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company berried two at the occasions of the New York World's Fairs (1938 and 1965). and Matsushita Electric and Mainichi Newspaper cooperatively followed at the Osaka World Exposition in 1970. These capsules are distinct from others. because they were made under as much scientific examinations as possible and their contents were carefully selected after extensive discussions. The experience is quite informative to design ET-Capsule.

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