A traditional approach for studying the urban heat island problem is to investigate the characteristics of the local land use. However, the analysis of the recorded air temperature in the summer in the Great Tokyo, included Tokyo and the sub-urban area of Saitama, Chiba and Kanagawa revealed a picture which is different from the characteristics of the local land use. Saitama prefecture, where a vast area of farm land exists is hotter than the center of Tokyo. Analyze recorded air temperature and wind velocity as well as results of a numerical model indicated that summer monsoon transports hot air from the center of Tokyo to Saitama, contributing to the local heating processes and make Saitama the center of the urban heat island in the Greater Tokyo. Thus it was concluded that future planning of cities needs not only investigating the local land use but also the heating characteristics of the surrouding regions and the heat transport by the local wind.

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Studies was carried out to investigate the influence of the pavement material and wind on the outdoor heat environment through the computation of outdoor total radiation flux. It was found that high wind velocity caused low infrared radiation emitted by the surface due to small subsurface heat storage. The use of the pavement material with high heat conductivity can reduce the infrared radiation emitted by the surface in the day but increase it at night. Use high albedo material can reduce the infrared radiation but increase short radiation during the day.

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Recentry, it becomes important to grasp the energy consumption in order to consider the effectieve use of non-utilized energy and termal environment in urban district. From this point of view, many researchs on the grasping of the energy consumption is carried out, but most of that reserach is intented to the urban district in Tokyo so that there are little such data in other urban districts.
In this respect, we propose the predictive method of the consumed energy to heat and cool in the urban district, and which is based on the dependece on the climate condition. Consequently, using this method, we examine the correspondence of the predictive value to the actual value, and point out the problem to make some progress in this research.

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This paper studied the heat exhaust structure in urban areas in Japan. Heat exhaust increace with land use change caused heat island phenomena in the cities. First we investigated the heat exhaust load per unit activity of various energy consumers such as houses, office buildings, factories and automobiles. Then we determined the values of heat exhaust loads through analysing the statistics regarding energy use in the eight major cities and then proposed the method for evaluating total heat exhaust from all of the activities in cities. Second we calculated for these cities the heat exhausts from five sections of energy use: households, buildings, factories, waste treatment facilities, transportation system and also discussed the energy use characteristics of the eight major cities in Japan

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Thermal environment of urban areas is largely determined by the physical structure of their land surface. Green tracts, in particular, play an important role in the heat balance through evapotranspiration. In order to quan tify the role of urban vegetation in the determination of surface temperature, this study conducts numerical simulations based on Simple Biosphere model (SiB) and analyzes the relationship between physical peculiarities of vegetated land surface and temperature distribution. SiB was originally developed for GCMs, in order to calculate the transfer of energy, mass and momentum between the atmosphere and the vegetated surface of the earth. The vegetation in each terrestrial model grid area is represented by two distinct layers. The upper layer represents the perennial canopy of trees or shrubs, and the lower layer represents the annual ground cover of grasses. SiB contains three temperature-related variables, each of which represents the temperatures of different components of the ground surface; i. e., canopy, ground cover and the air space in can opy. Thus the variation of temperatures at different parts of the vegetated ground surface is analyzed and the calculated values are compared with the the brightness temperature measured by remote sensing.

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It is well known that the heat island intensity of cities, e.g., temperature difference between city centers and surrounding rural areas, becomes larger with the increasing size of urbanized areas. At the same time, physical structure of urban land surface is subject to rapid changes due to construction of higher buildings, increasing concrete covers, decreasing wooded areas, etc. All these factors related to urbanization accelarate the formation of heat islands and dry weather in cities. By using remote sensing data of LANDSAT, this study aims to quantify the relationships between the indices describing the above mentioned characteristics of urban heat islands (i.e., their intensity and dominant geographical areas) and various data representing the urbanization. For analysis, cities located in north Kyushu are taken up. Mesh data of their land use patterns and surface temperature distribution are obtained by LANDSAT TM data, then two studies are carried out. Firstly, the role of green tracts in the determination of heat island intensity is examined by changing the mesh sizes. Secondly, the relationship between the heat island intensity and the size of cities is analyzed. By regression analysis, empirical formulas describing the relationship between heat island intensity and urban indices such as vegetation ratio and city size are presented.

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Recently the problems for ecological environment has become serious. Especially, monitoring of quantity and distribution of vegetation is important. Satellite remote sensing data is useful in this field. Analysing satellite data, influence by meteorological condition and human activity on ecological environment can be assessed. In this study, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from NOAA AVHRR data is used for monitoring vegetation. The time integral of NDVI (iNDVI) is also calculated to estimate of vegetation, i.e. the amount of CO₂ with photosynthesis, and water resources storage.
Firstly, the difference of reflectance between vegetation and sand are confirmed. Secondly annual variation and range of NDVI evaluated for four kinds of land use category; urban area, paddy area, forest and coastal zone. Lastly, the characteristics of iNDVI were studied for each land use categories. From these results, applicability of NDVI and iNDVI to environmental assessment is discussed.

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The environmental problems can primarily be traced back to population and resources, qualitative and quantitative factors of the lifestyles of the people. Construction activity play an important part to complete infrastructure for human life, therefore this activity influence lifestyle and consumption of the resources and energies. In order for construction activity to establish sustainable society in future, it is essential to establish the systems for softlanding of this industry and economic activity with an idea of the limits to growth. KEYWORDS; sustainable society, the limits to growth, capacity

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The destruction of the tropical forest is serious problem in global environment. This paper shows the forecasting model to analyze the quantitative relationship between wood use and forest logging using statistical data in nations. In this model, 3 types of consumption are assumed which are pulpwood, fuelwood and timber. They are supplied from two types of land which are closed forest and reforest area. In this model, alternatives are proposed considering wood demand, self-supply or export and import of wood, and dependent rate of wood supply from the closed forest. This model forecasts decrease of closed forest is in 11 nations and regions. 15 scenarios were prepared for policy analysis considering the recycle of paper, destruction of the closed forest and the timber demand. The reforest for timber supply with reduction of wood consumption is effective to conserve the tropical forest. Nevertheless, the simulation shows 5-9% of tropical forest is lost during 35 years. The sustainable management of reforesting and trading of wood should rapidly start to reserve the natural closed forest in tropical area.

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Countries use energy and other environmental resources for the production of goods and services within their geographical boundaries. In addition, however, we must not forget the indirect use of resources that are put into through the import of goods and services from other countries. Environmental implication of trade is especially important when we consider national responsibilities for taking actions. In this paper, a calculation has been done to estimate the flow of energy embodied in the traded goods and services by using international trade statistics and energy data. It is shown that the indirect energy flow from the developing countries to the developed ones is greater than its flow to the opposite direction. Furthermore, a method of analyzing such resource interdependence among nations is presented based on the input-output model. By using 1985 bilateral and multilateral input-output tables encompassing some Asian countries and the United States, estimation is made for the total (both direct and indirect) energy needed for the final production of various industry sectors in different countries. Then environmental resource consumption structures are compared among the countries.

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Population of the world is growing rapidly, and the U. N. estimates the number of the world population will become more than ten billion in 2050. Especially, it will increase remarkably in developing countries. This study estimates population and food production at the developing countries in Asia until 2010 using the multiple regression analysis on statistical national data such as GDP, food consumption, agricultural production and agricultural investment. The results show that the crop yield will be consumed as food less than the other use for the wealth of life in developed countries. While, food demand in developing countries will become higher than its supply. In Asia, especially, the food demand will be growing more than its supply next two decades. The agricultural investment such as fertilizer, tractor and irrigation area, are estimated the effectiveness of food supplying and its cost impact to economic in developing countries. For the preservation of the environment and increase of the food productions, irrigation land must be constructed and tidied up. Developed countries should help the monetary fund and the technology transfer into agricultural development in developing countries.

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World population growth is charged with the most fundamental driving force of global environmental deterioration. Usually, demographic factors are considered as externals of environmental systems, and treated as given conditions. Their impacts and sensitivity on environment as well as the mechanism of demographic evolution may closely linked with environmental change, however, quantitative study on the relation and their separability has been seldom conducted. In our study, a cohort-component model was developed in order to connect and interfacing the global demographic and environmental trends. Coupling with the model with comprehensive global environmental model which we have developed already, the implication of global population growth and its spatial distribution were quatitatively analyzed.

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Along with the expansion of erban area, the problem of coordination between development and openspace conservation is much discussed, and attention is gathered on the various. function of urban green land from the viewpoint to pursue relaxation and amenity of urban life.
It is necessary to temporally grasp the reduction of green resulting from house construction, etc., in order to clearly understand the problematic points of urbanization.
In this study we made analysis in an aim to produce the visible and easy-to-understand results of the transition of green land by converting the information obtained acrial photographs into images and applying remote sensing processing there to.

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Recently, the preservation discharge for conservation of river environment has been drained off from a reservoir in order to improve the flow condition of river in downstream of the dam. However, in the watershed basin which sedimentary materials are actively produced from a mountainous area, it is impossible to disregard the seepage flow from river channel, i.e. the river-bed flow, because a thick layer of sediment has been formed on the bottom of valley. The purpose of this research is to consider the hydraulic characteristics of the river-bed flow in downstream of dam. Through theoretical analysis based on the physical principles, the spatial distribution of seepage potential and the seepage rate and its total quantity from the channel have been evaluated. The analytical results has been compared with the laboratory experiments and the qualitative properties of phenomena have been clarified.

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ith the change of life style, the quantity of domestic waste increase and that cause a variety of problems. We investigate the reduction effects by the introduction of the waste collection system with charge in Hokkaido, using the statistical data and questionnaire. The charge system for collecting domestic waste are four type, that is, the charge system with waste quantity, the fixed charge system, the charge system for large quantity only and free. We gets the following results. 1. The number of cities, town and villages is 42 for the charge system. 2. The cities adopting the charge system increased 8 to 18 from 1981 to 1991. 3. The charge system with waste quantity has the minimum of average waste (537g/ person. day) in compared with other systems. From the viewpoint of the waste reduction, that system is most effective and continuous. 4. The cover rate of the cost for waste disposal and maintenance of facilities is higher in Hokkaido than national average.

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This paper deals with an examination on a conceptual approach on optimum paths of sludge management. The contents are as follows: 1) A sewage treatment system as viewed from environmental system is presented for examining optimum paths of sludge management. 2) An analysis of cumulative proportion curve with respect to quantity of separated liquid is proposed. 3) Two methods using a multivariate analysis of variance for evaluating optimum condition of solid/liquid separation as viewed from a balance among various factors such as quantity and quality of water, sludge and energy are considered, and then a conceptual model with respect to optimum paths of sludge for its management is proposed.

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In this present paper, toward the coming age of our symbiosis within the environment, we tried to consider the concept of environment from the aspect of Being-in-the-World, the structure of our existence, coined by M. Heidegger (“Being and Time”, 1927). The contents are as follows; (1) We are apt to think our environment from the viewpoint of humanism. What is the meaning of our living environment from this anthropocentric point of view? How do we see the natural environment? (2) Looking back over the history of modern thought, we can easily see that in modern ages man and nature stood in opposition to each other, as if man could exist beyond nature. It is quite recently that man has really become aware of being in nature.(3) In order to consider the significance of being-in, we refer to M. Heidegger, who aimed at overcoming of modern ages. His analysis of In-sein (Being-in) seems to teach us what our environment is, and how we can find out again the place wherein we should live.

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In order to observe and evaluate easily the ultraviolet rays volume brought about by the formation of ozone holes, this paper aims at examining a possibility of observation of the ultraviolet rays volume included in the sunlight, using TLD and centering on the relationship between the exposure time and TL glow peak intensity. The contents are as follows: (1) Both principle of measurement and dosimeter with respect to ultraviolet rays volume are outlined, and the TLD used in the present experiment is mentioned.(2) With respect to measurement of the ultraviolet rays volume, TL glow curves after irradiating ultraviolet rays are considered.(3) Experimental procedure, result and examination are mentioned, and possibility of observation of the ultraviolet rays volume is confirmed

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The authors tried to construct Road Design Aiding Computer System, which aids configuring design image, solving design problems, design analysis and so on, and which contributes to creat better design solution. The system consists of five major subsystems as follows: (1) design information database system, (2) image configuring aiding system, (3) problem solving system, (4) design analysis aiding system, (5) landscape simulation system. In this paper the authors focused on (1) and (2) and described fundamental idea, composition, some detailsof them. Applications showed that the system appeared to be useful without missing our aims.

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lowland area has faced many water problems such as flood, drainage, water pollution, saltwater intrusion, etc. Generally, an integrated water management system is needed to solve these problems in the lowland area, both in terms of water quantity and quality. The main objective of this study is to develop the integrated water management system for Saga lowland. A comparative study between the water management systems in the Netherlands and Saga lowland is carried out. The Policy Analysis of Water Management for the Netherlands (PAWNp roject) is reviewed to clear the concept of integrated water management in lowland. The water system in Saga area is evaluated from the view point of flood control and drainage by using a computer model. Main conclusions of this study are as follow;
1) New concept for water management/control system should be developed in Japan.
2) Drainage system planning in Saga lowland has been limited by flood control system of the main river, in terms of design period and capacity.
3) Open channel network with some facilities such as storage ponds, pumping stations, etc. are an efficient water system in lowland.
4) Policy analysis of water management especially for lowland should be conducted to develop the integrated water management.

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Lake Izunuma is a famous place for the coming of migrating flying swans. But, the leftovers of foods which were fed to the waterbirds and their droppings are one of the causes of water pollution.
In order to prevent water pollution of Lake Izunuma, a feeding place system was constructed near the lake. It was reported in the previous report that a build-up of pollutants of 12kg T-N, 1.5kg T-P and 120kg COD were found in the feeding pond which is one of the components of the feeding place system. This means that the pollutants going to Lake Izunuma were reduced.
After this, the polluted water in the feeding pond was introduced into a plant field (constructed wetland) and purification by the plant, Zizania latifolia, which is a food for the swans, was attempted.
The purification rates of 2.6 g/m²/day COD, 2.1 mg/m²/day T-N and 0.11 mg/m²/day T-P were obtained.

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Natural rainwater-recirculation has been damaged irresistibly through application of conventional urban drainage systems.If on-site infiltration /storage facilities could be collectively introduced for urban drainage areas, the recirculation is to be likely rehabilitated. For the task, public-private partnership (PPP) should be established, since introduction of the on-site facilities is firstly dependent on cooperation of private secters.
The author herein proposes that intermediate system aided by Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDC) is effective and/or necessary for promotion of such scheme in the following of widely-applied run-off control measures by HUDC for urbanized river basins, conceptually which is contributed by private sectors.

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Eco-products are evaluated in terms of reduced environmental impacts and saved energy in the framework of environmnental auditing of puroducts. Based on the world-wide experiences of LCA or PLA, the author discusses the task of nation-wide eco-labelling in Japan, and indicates special significances of the in design assessment of products in private firms. Non-governmental organizations would share the joint partnership of making production/consumption environmentallyfriendly, by means of eco-auditing with their initiatives to buying commended products. This paper shows the indicatiors of environmentally friendly products in the practice of a NGO network and summarizes the methodological requirements for more scientific and reliable evaluation procedure.

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Industry has been supplying more variety of goods to consumers in order to cope with multi-purpose in citizens' lives. This small lots size production cost and energy consumption has been increasing. In this paper, external cost by extreme variety of goods is estimated in some sections of the production process. Questionnaire was sent to 27 corporations in 4 kinds of household goods industries and their catalogue were investigated. In the most of the goods, the rapid increase of goods' variety started in 1984, the highest value was between 1989 and 1990 and the trend of decrease was observed in 1991. The degree of rising demand is estimated for an additional type of goods by the statistic analysis. The energy consumption was calculated for production of goods equivalent to 1.0 million yen (total production cost) using the input-output analysis. In motorcar industry, 1.8 of production energy was increased by an additional type of car.

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Global environmental problems are attracting greater attention of the public. In spite of their consciousness about the environment, however, they still do not abandon their high consumption lifestyles. They waste energy and other resources and cause impact upon the environment. Saving of energy in our daily life is especially important in order to reduce the emission of CO₂ which might cause the global warming and climatic changes. The problem here is the discrepancy between attitudes and actual behavior. It is needed to clarify what is the real substrate that promote or impede our environment friendly behaviors. From this viewpoint, a questionnaire study was conducted in Fukuoka and Kurume, with a view to analyzing the people's attitudes about environmental protection. Necessary conditions for encouraging people to conduct pro-environmental behaviors is discussed based on the data obtained. It is shown that a majority of the citizens are very conscious about the environmental problems, but relevant incentives to enhance their pro-environmental behaviors are not provided. Today's price of energy, for example, does not have enough incentive effects. Improved public education and information is essential to provide motivations for environmentally favorable attitudes and behaviors of the public.

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In this study, CO₂ emission sources are categorized into industrial sector, business and household, transportation, waste treatment, and energy supply sector, and their emission of CO₂ are estimated respectively. Based on the calculation, carbon dioxide emission pattern in Japan is viewed.
This study indicates that regions with large amount of CO₂ emission are located in the Tokyo-Osaka-Fukuoka corridor. Especially carbon dioxide emission is large in prefectures which are in suburban of metropolitan areas and the Seto Inland Sea Region. This fact is due to intensified activities of heavy industries such as theiron and steel industry, chemical industry, and machinery industry which are located in these areas. Industrial structure have an influence on CO₂ emission pattern in prefectural zones. It is clear that the classification with primary, secondary, and tertiary industries is incomplete for estimation and that each secondary industries have different emission per yield.

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Necessity of local actions for the prevention of global warming has become widely recognized. In Japan, a number of local governments have already started to prepare programs to restrain the increase of energy consumption and stabilize the associated CO₂ emission in their respective regions. But today, any regions can not be economically independent from the outside. Through the consumption of imported goods and services, their economic activities are to a large extent supported by the outside regions. In analyzing energy consumption on the local level, therefore, not only direct but also “indirect” consumption of environmental resources must be taken into account. Based on the conventional input-output model, this study explores the energy accounting method to take into account such indirect form of energy and other resource use. Here, special consideration is given to the following points: (i) methodological improvement for the treatment of imported goods and services, (ii) implications of the energy used in the transportation sector for the production in the other sectors, (iii) sharing of the responsibilities for the CO₂ emission between direct and indirect energy users.

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The global warming has become a grave concern for mankind. Necessity of energy conservation in our daily life is advocated and policies for saving energy have been discussed in relation to urban environmental management. Here, growing attention has been paid to our lifestyles. In addition, however, we must consider the large amount of energy that are consumed for the improvement of urban infrastructures. Most of it is used through the input of materials such as irons and cements for construction works. From this viewpoint, the present study aims to analyze the energy consumption pertinent to urban infrastructure provision. Firstly, a method for analyzing such energy consumption is developed on the basis of the input-output model. Input of energy for a unit production expressed in monetary terms is calculated by using national input-output tables available today. It is shown that the input energy has been decreased remarkably during the 1955-1989 period in Japan. Secondly, estimation is made on the total energy value of the existing stocks of various infrastructures in the country. Thus this study aims to conduct the quantification of the life cycle environmental impacts related to the provision of various urban infrastructures.

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The Coastal Zone Management Subgroup (CZMS) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) proposed a world-wide project of the vulnerability assessment on a case study basis. This paper describes a need of the databese for vulnerability assessment to sea level rise in Asian and Pacific region, which helps researchers to assess each study area in an objective and common method. Importance of the regional assessment in the Asia and Pacific is also stressed, and the first step of this regional assessment in the study area was carried out, using the Asian Pacific Database.

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A tentative plan of Komatsu-city, in which people can live in symbiosis with a clear stream flowing near-nature channels has been proposed. The Kuryubashi river and the Furukawa river, both of which are at present heavily polluted drainnage channels, may be transformed into near-nature channels on the basis of the so-called ‘near-nature river construction method’. The resulting near-nature channel is composed of the open near-nature channel, in which only a clear stream flows, and underdrain channel, in which the polluted waste water, to be released from houses and factories is drained. The open near-nature channel will be constructed between two banks, and be divided into the high-water bank and sinuous low-water canal. A promenade will be prepared for the people's access on each the outer bank, while various aquatic plants will be planted within the channel.

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In recent years, the river environment of small urban river has become a precious and natural space to be left undepeloped. Also, the inhabitant has come to be concerned with the use of the riversides. In this paper, the structure of the inhabitant sense for the river environment and improvement is discussed in order to make a river improvement plan properly.
The findings are as follows: 1) Though a large number of inhabitants consider the Kusozu river to be a drainage canal, a quarter of them considers it a place of recreation and relaxation. 2) An attraction of the river environment lies mainly in the natural environment around the river and it also depends on the closeness of the relation between the inhabitant and the river. 3) The river improvement plan has not been open to the inhabitant enough, so it is necessary to take the inhabitant sense into consideration in future, especially for the use in leisure activities.

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This research is aimed at investigating the relationship be tween inhabitants movement to improve water intimacy and their image for river environment through the questionnaires. The river runs through the urban area in Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture, and its basin does not have adequate sewage system. That causes the deterioration of the river environment. The inhabitants movement of that area contributes to the improvement of water quality and water intimacy and leads the local government to excute the enterprise of river improvement.
The questiormaires were conducted twice, one was shortly before the movement and the other five years later of it, to analyze how the inhabitants' interests have changed and what they hope on river improvement.

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The objective of this study is to indecate ways to improve enviromental education relative to the river enviroment based on the study of educational curriculum on river enviroment.
The current enviromental education on river is as follows,
(1) The field for education is the river terrace and the adjoining area of rivers.
(2) Program of enviromental education is formulated so as the public to become aware of various river issues while enjoying recreational activities in rivers.
(3) Sub-text in school is edited for only flood control and water supply.
Then, we propose the followings.
(1) To provide with the ponds and the waterways for enviromental education in river terrace.
(2) To preserve and make use of natural enviroment and historical points of rivers.
(3) To reinforce edition of the sub-text in school on river enviroment, and to conduct various field events in connection with enviromental education.

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This paper is designed to present the correlaton between water quality of a river and people's opinion about it.
Umeda River, which is running through the central area of Sendai, has improved its water quality in recent 25 years, particularly in the middle reaches.
Opinion of people who live along the midstream of the river was examined and analyzed comparing with opinion of those who live in different areas, along the upper and lowerstream.
The result indicates that:
1. People who are along the midstream feels that the river became clearer and that they need to keep it clear. They feel that more strongly than people in other areas do.
Particularly people over 30 have recognized the improved clearness of the river.
And, since local river clearing activities are conducted by rather aged people, -the survey showed they're over 45, these clearing will soon be discontinued, if there isn't any administrative guidance.
2. Only a subtle change in BOD didn't cause noticeable change in people's opinion. They even grow the negative impression on its clearness when the change is not remarkable enough.

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The aim of this study is to find out the key-elements of soundscape and to make clear the psychological effects of environmental sounds, by analyzing japanese vocabulary concerned with soundscape.
As a result, we found out japanese rich vocabulary about it, 4 key factors which are sound's nature, spatial factor, temporal factor and observer's psychological factor, and many elements of soundscape.

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The aim of this paper is to clarify the function of “coacting space” we called as one kind of community space to vitalize regional activities where people perform together like a stage.
Miniature pilgrimage places patterned after Shikoku's 88 pilgrimage can be regarded as “coacting space” to perfome “Shikoku Pilgrimage” on settlement. We researched eight miniature pilgrimage places of North Harima through the field survey for understanding the changing and state of social system of them as “coacting space”. As a result we understood miniature pilgrimage had been the social system to produce two types of intercourse that vitalized closed community. One have been held between outsiders and inhabitants for the strangers has never eliminated as for he plays “pilgrimage”. Another have been held between habitant each other, one group from village people willingly participate in the plays as “pilgrimage” and the other group act as receptionist (“settai”) to serve tea and sweets to the pilgrimages.

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The purpose of this study is to clear the environmental image of Fukuoka district by analyzing the song of 139 primary schools in Fukuoka city. The main words which represent the landscape are the proper nouns of mountain, sea and river.The arrangements of these words are classified into some types, and there are cross relationships between the location of school and the landscape appearing in the song. The scenes of landscape in the song express the environment al characteristics original and important for the place.

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We researched on the auditory aspects of “Nerima's 12 Quiet Places” which had been selected by the residents in a contest to choose the quiet places. Every item of sound that was noticed by the reporter was described in the reporter's own words.
It was made clear that the rich variety of expressions used in describing each sound reflected the relationship between the sound and the reporter.
Language plays a major role as a tool to describe one's environment. Therefore, the particular terms used by a group or by a person in describing a sound are useful in understanding the user's view on environment.

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The actual state of road traffic noise in Kitakyushu was investigated. As a result, noise near trunk roads often exceed Japanese environmental quality standard. Even in the daytime, only 11 per cent of ovservation points are less than the standard. The excess amounts depend on area, time and number of lane. For example, in the residential area the 30 percentile excess amount is about 10-16dB (A), and that in another area is 2-8 dB (A) except night. And traffic intensity contribute much to the excess amounts. But the contribution of the mixture of heavy vehicles decrease because regulatory standard to noise source become strict gradually.

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The final objective of this research is to estimate the demand for clean-fuel vehicles. This paper first describes the travel characteristics of existing vehicles such as distribution of distance travelled in a day, longest stopping time by vehicle type and region using data from the Road Traffic Census Survey. These characteristics are then compared with the performance level of present clean-fuel vehicles. the major findings are: a) travel characteristics vary much among vehicle types, notably between commercial vehicles and others; b) large portion of smaller cars and mini-cars are operated within the current performance level of corresponding clean-fuel vehicles.

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Recently, environmental influences by car traffic have brought big problems in urban areas. In this study it is aimed to analyze to which extent the reduction of air pollution can be expected by improving road networks considering the mechanism of change in traffic pattern, travel speed and the consequent environmental load. The analysis is applied to the Ring Road II of Nagoya as a case study. The problems in modeling and forecasting are summarized.

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This study aims to develope a computer aided planning system for refuse collection. This system consists of data base system of detailed streets network, estimation models of refuse quantity and collecting hours, and programming model for optimal vehicle schedule planning. As applications of this system, this paper shows the examples of appropriate vehicle schedule plan from the view point of equalization of labor load on every vehicle, and estimates effects on reduction of collecting time by introducing large type dust carts, separate collection and treatment of noncombustible refuse.

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From the standpoint of saving the resouces for public work and the amount of transportation in paving and filling, the laboratory tests for the remnant materials (Base course materials) were conducted in order to establish the most suitable recycle system and reuse the remnant materials not treated which we have not used in Japan. The base course materials were almost suited to the standard of the recycle materials. In the future we will an effort to realize the re-use of the remnant materials from base course in cooperation with the road supervisors.

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In this paper, We discuss the development of the systematic design process, that considers the global environment.
We give more specific discussions to clear guide-lines for the quality assurances at the basic planning stage of the design system, purposing to reduce and efficiently use generated energy during the life cycles of buildings.
Also we describe the problems of this design system in practice.

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We have developed an evaluation system for city's environment to evaluate the planning properly.This system enable us to quantitatively and quickly evaluate plans during the initial plannnig stages. This prosess is conducted based on the following three criteria: a city's “self-sufficiency”, “livability” and “sustainability”.So that the planning can contribute to the environment, this system makes it possible to improve the plan highly.

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This study aims to develop new indices that indicate the effect of infurastructure on landscape.
The first index ‘Nomal visual size’ is the area of the projection of elements on the standized screen like a solid angle. The second is ‘Total visual size’, that is the sumation of all the nomal visual size of elements that are looked from the lattice view point on the earth. These indices have a merit which can compare with all cases.
These indices are tested in the case study of S dam and its reservoir project in Yamanashi prefecture. They are available and some characteristics are found.

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Salt water intrusion in estuaries is very harmful for the estuarine environment. Air curtain system is effectively to prevent it. Experiments were carried out to obtain the relation between the river flow rate and the required gas flow rate under certain discharge of intrusion. The results indicated that, if the bubble plume intensity is strong enough, the salt intrusion is successfully prevented. A two-dimensional numerical model was made by solving the mass and the momentum and the buoyancy conservation equations. The numerical results agree well with the results of the experiments.

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Numerical analysis is performed on the mixing process of two-layerd stratification by a hydraulic gun system with air bullets or propellers. The hollow system is analyzed by dividing into two parts; lifting of the hypolimnitic water and destratification by the flow from the gun-outlet. Lifting discharge of the hypolimnitic water is formulated only with the air volume rate andthe volume ratio of a bullet, which leads to practicable estimation of lifting efficiency and good agreement with the results of a field experiment. On the destratification by the negatively buoyant jet from the gun-outlet, it is shown that the destratification efficiency is dominated by two parameters; non-dimensional air volume rate and stratification intensity with using the equivalent density gradient. These two kinds of efficiency leads to the total hydraulic efficiency of the hollow system. Typical four cases of lifting system are examined to seek effective air volume rate for arbitrary startification.

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The main purpose of this study is to classify Japanese river basins based on their geographical features. The indices which indicate a shape of a river basin are selected. And new indices are proposed to express a geographic feature of a river basin better. Results of basic statistical analysis of the indices are shown. The characteristics of each index are described. Correlations between the indices are shown and main factors to classify river basins are found by factor analysis. Using these factor scores, the river basins are classified into 14 types based on their own geographical features by cluster analysis. The typical geographic models of Japanese river basins are presented.

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This paper appraised 4 models of water recycle systems in urban area such as wastewater reuse system and rain water usage from the point of view of energy consumption.Input-output analysis was used for the calculation of energy consumption. Not only the direct energy such as electric power and fuel but also the indirect energy used for production of equipments or parts in the water system were taken into consideration.The main results obtained were as follows.
(1) The least energy consumption model was unrecycle model.
(2) The largest energy consumption model was individual recycle model, but in low-densed areas below 90-150 households/km² it was advantageous than unrecycle model.
(3) The energy consumption of wastewater reuse system was mainly attributed to the distribution system and was about 15% more than that of water works.
(4) Recharge of groundwater by infiltration of rain water was better than on-site rain water usage because FRP water tanks consumed a large amount of energy.
(5) Works such as water treatment or water distribution consumed about 50% of the maintenance energy in unrecycle model and the rest was considered to be consumed in the business in the works.
(6) From the aspects of the energy consumption, johkaso (on-site domestic wastewater treatment system) was advantageous than sewage works in areas below 196 households/km².

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