The residents who receive the sound of an urban environment also create the sound environment in which they live everyday of their lives. It is important to recognize how the residents feel about their immediate sound environment because then we can begin to understand what type of future environment the residents will prefer.
This report shows one investigation of how junior high school students and their families react to the daily sound of temple bells in Nerima City. This investigation is an attempt to understand how individuals apply meaning to the sound environment (i.e. “Soundscape”).
The images created, or conjured, by the sound of a ringing bell are formed by the listener's previous experiences as well as the cultural influence of the society in which he/she lives or has lived. These mental images created from bell sounds, however, are evaluated in reference to the previous experiences and cultural influences mentioned earlier.
In order to create a rich interpretation of one's environment, rich images are essential.

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The aim of this study is to clarify residents' opinion on a river. The residents were asked to answer the questionnaire which required their free description. The answers were examined with neiborfood method for cluster analysis.
The results indicate that:
1 . People who live around the upstream of the river, where has been developed recently as a residensial area and has problems with its congested traffic, would be happier if the river was an underdrain.
2. People who live around the midstream, where flooded several times in the past, want the city administration to take flood preventive measures.
3. People who live around the downstream, where its water quality hasn't improved significantly, hope that they would have a clearer stream.
In addition, comparing these results with our last survey, which used multiple-choice answers only, it is proved that free description is effective to reveal unexpected results for reseachers, such as the one described above as #2.

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The purpose of this paper is to make clear the constitution of psycological cosmos recognized through skin contact and to apply the frame of tactile cognition to urban design.
In this research, “bodyscape” means the landscape recognized through the body except eyes, ears, nose and tongue. We invented the FCM method origainally to clarify the nature of “bodyscape”. It was based on methods of the psycological experiments and the landscape-analyses.
The nature of “bodyscape” is classified into 3 types through the FCM method refering to previous researches about body and tactile cognition in the philosophy and the psycology.
An arrangement of each element have great effects on the way human recognizes the “bodyscape”.The form of the “bodyscape” can be classfied into 5 types according to the pattern of arrangement of each element.

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This paper deals with the factors affecting the amenity of the river environment based on the observation of water quality, flow velocity, river width and water depth, and questinnairing on the river environment. The questionnaire was conducted on about ten students at ten different locations of the Asahi river. The importance of the factors affecting the amenity of the river environment are different depending on the distance from the waterside. On the bank, the view is the most important. But near the waterside, water quality is the most important. The factors are classified by coordinates of “comfortable-uncomfortable” and “natural-artificial”. The impression of water quality is affected by the view, refuse on the water surface and flow velocity.

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Local residents' awareness of Tokyo Bay is examined in this paper. For this purpose a survey through a free association test was carried out in four regions near Tokyo Bay. In the test, a respondent is aseked to write freely what he/she associates with Tokyo Bay. Cluster analysis of free response data indicates that pollution and industry are principal concerns in the cognitive structure of Tokyo Bay. We also analyze free response data associated with the road that is being constructed across Tokyo Bay. Data analysis shows that the associated words “convenience”, “development”, and“pollution” are important factors to consider residents' interest. Especially road traffic noise and air pollution are prominent.

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Walking Tour has conceptualized theme-making with incentives of participants to play a role like a game. It has two major effects on participants' consciousness such as making an explicit image of environment and eliciting alternative environmental voluntary actions by participants' learning of consequent information of the actions in role-playing. In order to clarify the structural change of participants' environmental awareness in experiments of special Walking Tours, the questionnaire surveys were carried out at two-year interval to the participants of the four walking tours at Uemachi-hill in Osaka City. In this paper, we focused on the participants' association structures and symbolic elements to urban environment as participants' consciousness.
From the results of statistical analysis we identified (1) the symbolic images formed by participants changed to the more abstract and stable images without experience of other walking tours at the same field, (2) the participants' symbolic images and symbolic elements of the field are influenced by the nature of resources demonstrated in theme-making, individual conceptualized thememaking and the environment; the course and check-points of walking tours, and (3) repeated participations in serialized events caused repeaters to make their symbolic images and the association structure from the participants' individual viewpoint and to bring about more positively environmental actions than one-time participants. We identified Walking Tours with conceptualized and serialized theme-making as the incentives to share and vitalize citizens' semantic images of the region.

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As anxiety about the global environment grows, people came to be aware of their responsibility to act individually for the environment. Nevertheless, there are some social dilemmas which make individuals refrain from taking such action. In order to stimulate the public to perform environmentally conscious behavior, it is important for the administration to give some incentives. In order to promote trash-separation of household wastes by each individuals, Tokyo metoropolitan government has announced that all the trash bags ought to be semi-transparent. This study tries to analyze psychological evaluation of effects brought about by this measure, and also to make casual models of environmentally conscious behavior.
The results of analysis are as follows:
Three factors-convenience-pursuit factor, responsibility factor and outside-dependence factor-provide trash-separation of household wastes.
While the macro structure of public consciousness has't changed, the micro structure has.
There are some feedback process in the casual models presented.

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An environmental image-building technique in walking tours enables citizens to improve local environmental perception. We have designed and carried out serial events in “UEMACHI-HILL PROJECT” as an effective method of developing semantic cognition of environment. In the project, “Tagging intimately environmental resources in urban spaces” is examined as one of the techniques to aid of their image-building.
Participants in the event would give local environmental resources nicknames accompanied by following two effects. One is to make participants feel much more attached to the local environmental resources, the other is to build diversified environmental image. Findings are as follows: 1) “Tagging” can support participants to develop environmental image in the context of mental linkage to physical properties; 2) Participants would improve local environmental image using “Tagging” technique in their daily lives;and 3) It is important that participants share their images with each other in the “Tagging” process.

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show profiles of pollutant runoff by simulating the change of pollutant runoff with the variance of characteristics of river basins (i.e. population, urban area, rate of sewerage, etc.). The model, hereinafter referred to “MACRO MODEL”, consists of three main sections. The first one shows pollutant runoff from point sources, taking the sedimentation of pollutants in sewers into consideration. The second one and the third one show pollutant runoff from nonpoint sources in urban area and rural area, taking land use into consideration. As it was proved that MACRO MODEL could simulate pollutant runoff correctly enough to forecast runoff profiles of pollutants, it came to be possible to estimate the effect of characteristics of river basin to pollutant runoff. As a result, some available knowledge, which were concerned with the environmental management of water, were obtained by using MACRO MODEL.

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The study indicates the use of MURPHY'S LAW on the Environmental topic in the sympojium. The presenters must show their LAWs to the audience in the screen. The audience can also state their own LAWs in the screen easily, because presenters' LAWs and the debate are easy to understand.

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Lake Izunuma is a famous place for the coming of migrating flying swans. But, the leftovers of foods which were fed to the waterbirds and their droppings are one of the causes of water pollution.
In order to prevent water pollution of Lake Izunuma, a feeding place system was constructed near the lake. It was reported in the previous reports that a build-up of pollutants were found in the feeding pond and the purification rates of 0.13 mg/l/day COD, 1.05×10-2 mg/l/day T-N and 0.53×10-3 mg/l/day T-P were obtained in a plant, Zizania latifolia, field (constructedwetland).
In this paper, the results which obtained in the second year study were reported and as follows.
1. The purification rates of 1.2-1.3×10-2 mg/l/day T-N and 0.68-1.03×10-3 mg/l/day T-P were obtained in a plant field (constructed wetland). These were larger than those of first year. These will be caused by the larger growth of the plant. On the other hand, the purification rate of COD was almost same to that of first year.
2. The unit loading factors of 5.30 g/swan-day T-COD, and 0.49 g/swan-day T-TN due to the coming of migrating flying swans were obtained.

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A city's water supply and sewerage system can be compared to blood circulation. In t e human body, the kidneys remove the waste products from the blood stream, whereas in the city, the treatment plant is utilized to separate the solids from the sewage. The kidneys, in fact, are not only to remove the waste, but also to recover the treated water for reuse. For total environmental protection, we need therefore, on the one hand, to treat the sewage with advanced technologies to meet the criteria for various reuses while, on the other, the additional quantity of separated solids are also required to be treated and disposed of properly. To treat the solids known as sludge, the first concern is to reduce its water contents. In the present paper, sludge dewatering is evaluated from the aspects of the filtrate quality as well as its quantity, and a study is made of a comparison of the filtrate quality between pressure and vacuum filtration.

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In the environmental impact assessment, Geographic Infomation System (GIS) is considered to be useful in following field,
1.IEE (Initial Environmental Examination)
2.EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment)
3.Agreement with resident of the developmept plan
This study aim to apply GIS to item 2 mentioned above.
When EIA is carried out, the base will be the development plan which contains the plan of landuse and estimated population. But assessment works must be obliged many time, because ofthe changing of the development plan.
So, We used GIS as a tool for efficient map production, and so on.
As a result, We certify that application of GIS is effective for map production regard to EIA and also for landscape evaluation.

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The purpose of this research is to construct the thematic map retrieval system by accurately investigating, recording environmental resources in the region basic materials necessary for maintaining the community design the environment, and using the personal-computer .

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When we make a comparative study between the East and the West, we must pay attention to the difference between the comparisons in the East and in the West. Comparative studies may be different in different cultural areas. From this point of view we refer to Max Scheler who compared Indian Buddhism with Greek philosophy and Christianity, and to Kitaro Nishida who aimed at overcoming modern Western philosophy with his experience in Zen. One looked at the East from the West and the other at the West from the East, which was rapidly westernized. We think it is more important for us today to recognize something different in a different culture rather than to seek integration or to find out identitfication with other cultures.

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An expedition to Mohenjo-daro was made by a team of Japanese researchers in 1993.Water supply and sewerage systems were mainly investigated. Development of the systems seemed to be motivated by ritual ablution which required a relatively large volume of water and its proper drainage inside houses. Burnt bricks were durable materials for sewerage construction as well as house buildings which were constructed according to a well designed city planning.Reconstruction of buildings and continuation of the function of wells were observed after many floodings over Mohenjo-daro City. Investment of remodeling such infrastructure was available because peace conditions were held during the civilization.

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In this report, the concepts and methodology of an expert system developed for landfill site selection are presented. The use of the developed system has two important advantages; the first is a remarkable reduction in time and expense, and the second is the involvement of the inhabitants which will lead to the so-called ‘agreement formation’. For the agreement formation, the inhabitants must be allowed to participate in the planning and they should receive all the information necessary for the decision process. In order to solve these problems, the developed expert system has been designed to have tw o main functions, i. e., (1) the system is simple enough so that the inhabitants, who are not a specialist or an expert, are able to use, and (2) the system is able to provide adequate information concerning suitability and impacts of various alternatives that the administration and the inhabitants are discussing. Based on these concepts, a flow diagram.of the system is designed and a concrete construction method is examined. Data collection is carried out to construct a database and a knowledge base. At present, the database of some sites has been constructed and the developed system can be applied to evaluate the suitability of some landfill sites.

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The construction industry has been considered an industry having a significant impact on the global environment, but there is no denying the fact that it has also played a key role in constructing and maintaining the infrastructure. It is now being requested to reform itself to contribute greatly to sustainable development. Recently, as one of the measures for conserving the global environment which could be taken by companies, EMS and EA are being discussed for implementation in England, Europe and the United States and their standardization promoted by international organizations such as EU and ISO. In this respect, implementation of suitable EMS and EA is required soon for the construction sector in Japan, too. We present a draft Environmental Self-assessment Program applicable to general construction companies, which has been developed jointly by voluntary members, staff and managers in charge of global environmental affairs at several construction companies. This draft program was developed based on the GEMI being reviewed by ISO, and differences from the ICC 16 principles, Keidanren's 11 principles and Nikkenren's 7 Guidelines were discussed during drafting. We also show steps necessary for effective implementation.

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The purpose of this study is reveal the infruence of landscape materials exercise to emotional evaluation. 60 subjects were asked to layout the pictures to feel warm or cold, natural or artifical on riverscape, warm or cold, Japanese-style or Western-style on housescape. The pictures are consists of landscpe, materiales, and compound both.
The findings are as follows: 1) the infruence factors are approachable water, plants, stones, wa-11 of wood and brick, warmer color and inregular joint line of a wall to feel warm, concrete and white, reguler joint line of a wall to cold, plants and stones to natural, concrete and tall building to artifical, Japanese roof tile and Japanese roof form to Japanese-style, slate, flat roof and brick to Western-style, 2) the influence of materials is more inpactive in case of rivers than houses.

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An evaluation method of environmental loads that occurs with the phase of recycle is behind with the evaluation methods for the other phase. This is caused by that a grasp of the actual situation of a recycle industry is difficult with that a process of recycling is complicated. Therefore we suggest the evaluation method for calculating the environmental impact on the phase of recycle. The evaluation method has three new concepts that are “Agreement an evaluation range around the phase of recycle and the phase of disposal”, “Taking the transportation distance and the way of transportation into consideration”, “Taking the waste reduction ratio around a transportation into consideration”. As we evaluate an influence to an environment at a process of PSP TRAY recycling by this evaluation method, we obtained a result that applies. If we evaluate it while being careful of this point, we can evaluate social system such as waste collection, processing-disposal and recycle in aspect of environmental impact.

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LCA (“life cycle assessment”) of products that analyzes the “from cradle to grave” environmental impacts of products pertinent to their production, distribution, consumption and disposal, has become a fundamental policy concept in environmental management Similar idea can be applied to the buildings and other facilities that constitute infrastructures of cities. Here, we must quantify the environmental loads associated with the total life cyle of buildings, etc. For this purpose, a method for analyzing the environmental loads induced by construction is developed on the basis of the input-output model. The environmental loads are expressed in terms of the consumption of resources such as water, emission of various pollutants and generation of wastes. Then, the environmental loads induced to various industrial sectors by unit amount of final demand of construction sectors are calculated by using national input-output tables. It is quantitatively exhibited that the environmental loads induced by construction sectors, generally, are considerably greater than those expressed in terms of their direct consumption of resources or direct emission of pollutants.

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The energy consumption and the associated carbon dioxide emission induced by construction are calculated and compared among three east Asian countries including Japan, China and South Korea, where rapid economic development is taking place. Economic development is accompanied by improvement of various social infrastructures such as buildings and transportation systems. This induces the increasing energy demand for the production and distribution of materials such as iron and cement which are used for construction, and thus causes increasing impacts on the environment. Based on the standard input-output model, the energy consumption induced by unit final demand of construction sectors are calculated for the base year 1990. The results reveal that the construction sector as a whole plays an important role for energy consumption in each of the three countries. The share of the energy demand induced by construction sector in the total national energy consumption is 18% in Japan, while those in China and South Korea are 31% and 16% respectively.

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Evaluation of ecological balance of urban metabolism at each stage of its life cycle from the cradle to grave is required in planning an ecologically sound city responsible for the global environment.
Life cycle energy (LCE) analysis is a part of whole process of the life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluation method. LCA has been developed in the US and Europe since the late 60's with the research efforts focussing on mainly industrial products. Studies on standardization of LCA initiated by the International Standard Organization (ISO) in 1993 have accelerated the harmonization of process, production and method recently.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers has organized a working group on LCE of practical use for utilizing urban energy, chaired by Prof. Tohru Morioka of Osaka University, under the Committee on Environmental Systems research. In 1993 it conducted research on the application of LCE in urban development planning. The research topics included research trends on LCE, methods for LCE, procedures in applying LCE to evaluatin of urban development, studies on institutionalizing LCE, and policies in developing LCE systems.

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Life Cycle Assessment examines the impacts on resorce and energy consumption and environment at each stage of production, through comsumption and final disporsal. This study examines the impacts on resource and energy by disporsable and reusable diapers use at comsumption stage. For this paper, we look into the actual condition through quationnare etc. So we get the following results.(1) Disporsable only and both kind of diapers use make up over 95%. There are some reasons, a good sleep of child and mother, a saving of time and labor for washing, so that on.(2) Reusable diaper use has higher charges for public services only, but including for purchase disporsable one is 3.7 times cost than the other.(3) On environmental impacts, mainly, reusable diaper use is a burden to the sewage disporsal plant. Disporsable diaper use generates more solid waste than reusable diaper.

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In selecting a kind of wastewater treatment system for infrastructure, not only positive benefits on convenience, comfort, and safety but also positive and negative benefits on environmental impacts including various costs are to be taken into consideration. In this study, six kinds of wastewater treatment system; pit latrine, pit latrine and gray water treatment, septic tank of only night soil, septic tank of domestic wastewater, conventional sewage treatment, and advanced sewage treatment are evaluated on the benefits and costs of construction and maintenance. The benefit on fundamentals such as “security of public health”, is rather small. If “comfort” is not reflected, both systems of pit latrine and pit latrine with gray water are better than the septic tank system of night soil for the environment. The meaning of the construction and maintenance costs of a wastewater treatment system for users and an administrative can be recognized by use of the evaluation method.

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We conducted several field surveys on periphyton biofilm in a local river in the basin of which a sewage treatment system just began to spread. We investigated the development of the biofilm at different points along the Hinuma River. The periphyton biofilm were used to determine the nitrification activity which would be an overall index of nitrogenous pollution. The field survey showed that the periphyton density gradually increased to the maximum level around 2 months, if there were not significant change of river flow. In the nitrification tests, supply of ammonium nitrogen from the biofilms itselfwas observed. Therefore, nitrification activity was evaluated considering the degradation of attached algae as a biofilm component. The activity was higher for biofilms in the urban drainage receiving domestic wastewater than that at the upstream of the river which was less polluted. The biofilm receiving secondary effluent had little nitrification activity. This indicated that residual chlorine or by-product of chlorine disinfection might suppress the nitrification in the biofilm.

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This report describes studies of the function of water purification using aquatic plants and its mechanisms. The purpouses of this study are to consider the mechanisms for the purification and the material balances of nitrogen and phosphorus in the rhizosphere using Indian Rice (Zizania latifolia Trucz). The results obtained in this study are as follows:
1. Eliminated ammonium nitrogen 17.8g
⋅Adsorption to sand 7.6g
⋅Absorption by aquatic plant + Nitrification 10.3g
2. Eliminated phosphorus 0.79g
⋅Adsorption to sand 0.35g
⋅Absorption by aquatic plant 0.44g
It was confirmed that nitrification occured in the rhizosphere. But the quantitative assessment of nitrification is the subject for the future. From these results, the relationship between the water purification and the growth of aquatic plant was confirmed in some degree.

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We measured sediment microorganism's activity uptaking and dissolving glutamate in the closed and polluted Omura bay in 1993. So we compared the activity with population and COD densities. The better was the water environmental quality in the closed and polluted bay, the lower was the activity. The lower the water environmental quality in the closed and polluted bay was, the higher was the activity. The higher population density and COD density were, the higher wasthe activity. The activity can be used as biological indicator showing water quality environment.

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Understanding of the relationship among vegetation, river flow and topography is necessary to consider ecollogically favorable environment in rivers. From observation of several rivers, morphology of vegetation can be classified into 5 patterns;
(1) narrow strip along river flows
(2) large group from the edge of the water
(3) large group attached to embankments
(4) scattering in naked areas
(5) growing on drifts by floods
Field survey were performed to know more information of distribution and transition of vegetation. It is shown that the 5 patterns are not independent of each ohter, but that they transfer from one to other. Laboratory experiment on pattern (1) presented that meandering of vegetated strips is very important factor for secondary currents.

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A shoreline response model has been developed to evaluate shoreline recessions due to sea level change and ground subsidence on a coast with longshore sediment transport gradients. The governing equation for shoreline change has been obtained to be exactly integrated the conservation equation for sediment mass assuming that an equilibrium profile is maintained during sea level change. In the case of heterogeneous ground subsidence, the effect of the local longshore transport rate on the shoreline change was investigated through numerical computations of the analytical solution. It was found that the effect of longshore trasport rate was more important especially in predicting long term beach responses.

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Characteristics of salinity intrusion into the estuaries of the Red River System, Vietnam is studied based on many year measurement data of salinity concentration at stations along the estuaries and on a numerical model. Computed results of salinity concentration at measurement stations along rivers by the numerical model agree satisfactorily with the observation. It was found that in the dry season, the salinity intrusion length may be up to 20km for the main river and more than 20km for some tributaries. In the main river and tributaries with high freshwater discharge, the maximum salinity intrusion is observed in January while for the tributaries with low freshwater discharge, the maximum salinity intrusion is observed in March.

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The prediction of temporal variations of biota following biomanipulation measures in lakes is of paramount importance in view of water quality management. The temporal variations of phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll-a and transparency as secchi depths measurements are studied in the Lake Bleiswijkse Zoom, The Netherlands with a comprehensive biological model. In the formulation of the biological model, phytoplankton as several species, zooplankton, detritus, planktivorous and benthivorous fish and piscivorous fish are considered to be the major contributing biota for the food web manipulation. The biological model enumerates the species compositions at a given time taking biological, physical and meteorological processes in to account. Reduction of almost all planktivorous fish and 85% of benthivorous fish results in increase in transparency, decrease in algal biomass and decrease in resuspended inorganic matters leading to an environmental sound lake ecosystem. The model also provides useful insights in to positive and negative interrelationships among biota in the ecosystem. In other words, from the biomanipulation point of view, poor understanding of interactions among biota and hence, uncertainties of their accurate predictions may lead to controversial evidences.

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An evaluation of runoff loading including water quality from drainage basin is an essential tool for the water environmental management. This study is carried out from a standpoint in which the two runoff components (surface-inter flow and groundwater) are different in loading of water quality. This paper examines an evaluation for runoff loading from a small drainage basin as viewed from runoff components. The contents are as follows: (1) The relationship between total runoff and observed water quality with respect to TP, TN, and pH at non-rainfall time is outlined (2) By using the whole observed data at both non-rainfall and rainfall times, the relationship between the hydrograph of runoff components separated by one-side numerical filter and the above water qualities is considered (3) The relationship between the separated runoff components and the qualities separated by the components are mentioned. And an evaluation of water quality as viewed from the runoff components is conducted.

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The objectives of this study are to clear the characteristics of runoff pollutants depending on their grain size and to estimate the suppressive effect on pollutant runoff of a detention pond. From the result of analysis, the grain size distribution of runoff solids and the content rate of runoff pollutants were cleared. By using these characteristics of runoff pollutants, a simulation was done to estimate the suppressive effect on pollutant runoff of a detention pond, which was expected to control pollutant runoff rationally. The simulation with data of annual precipitation for several years showed the removal rate of annual runoff pollutants and the effect of reduction of runoff-peak where runoff pollutants were intensively concentrated. In the result, some available knowledge, which were concerned with the environmental management of water, were obtained.

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Human activities are consuming great quantities of energy and also wasting lots of resources. It is not sufficient to evaluate only the energy flow in environmentally sound urban infrastructure, and there is a necessity to consider the Life-Cycle Energy Assessment. This research also attempt to evaluate the Land-use planning and Resources Utilization Planning based on the urban infrastructure as the core of urban area.
Energy Analysis of construction materials, the water supply industries and energy supply facilities etc. have been progressing in several streams / trends. Energy Analysis method has been proposed. The Urban-centred Life-Cycle Energy of regional air-conditioning facility has been assessed. The research has also shown the relationship between the Land-use Planning & Resources Utilization Plannig and the urban's environmental loading. The controversy of centred or well-spread urban's facilities has been further discussed.

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Solar energy is clean and inexhaustible. Its use would reduce the environmental loads such as the emission of air pollutants from fossil fuels. However, commercialization of solar energy is still at its infant stage due to various technological and economical reasons. For promoting the effective utilization of solar energy systems, studies are necessary on the costs covering their installation, operation and maintenance as well as on their environmental impacts. By using a logistic model, this study presents an estimation of the solar energy generation cost when photovoltaic systems are introduced. Environmental impacts of the systems are also discussed by assuming some model cities. The results showed that the solar power generation cost using photovoltaic systems is four times as high as that of the commercial electricity. Purchasing of PV systems by public housing authorities, however, would promote their dissemination and lower their prices. If PV systems are effectively used in combination with various non-used refuse heat and natural energy sources, they could supply 35% of the total energy demand in model cities. Surface temperature of the areas would drop by 1°C if the PV panels are set up on two thirds of the built-up area.

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Carbon dioxide emission from urban activities is large amount and influences on the global warming. In order to reduce carbon dioxide emission from urban areas, it is need to estimate carbon dioxide emission in urban life cycle--construction, operation, repaire, and breaking up--and explore alternatives for less emission in urban planning stage. In this paper, we have gathered fundamental data of carbon dioxide emission from urban activities and proposed how to estimate carbon dioxide emission on the urban life cycle.

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As the industrial structure changes, factories have been moving from central area of Tokyo region into surrounding area, and the flow of physical goods within the entire urban area tends to increase. In general, as the economy becomes increasingly service-oriented, the physical goods flow tends to decrease. But while Tokyo's share of physical goods flow in the grater Tokyo region has been declining, the share of Tokyo region in the nation has in fact been growing in recent years. This indicates the increased volume of physical distribution and environmental load in the surrounding prefectures, which neccesitates the systematic preparation of physical distribution system taking into account streamlining the collecting & delivery system, but also factory locations and socio-economic system itself.

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A dimensional analysis is made to relate the magnitude of urban heat island to synoptic conditions andphysical parameters of a city. The proposed relationship is justifiable in view of numerical results and observational data. It shows that the daytime heat island problem could be alleviated by planting more treesand water-fronts, while the nocturnal heat island could be lessened by choosing proper materials for roadsand buildings. Although the validity of this proposed relation should be further examined, it is hoped that therefinement of such a “universal” relation can provide a general guideline to urban designers.

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The objective of this study is to develop practical methods of translating brightness temperature data obtained from satelites such as LANDSAT and NOAA into air temperature. There are two typical cases where the methods sould be applied. In the first case, reference temperature data observed at a sufficient number of points are available, e. g., from AMeDAS (Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System), and the brightness temperature data obtained from LANDSAT TM and NOAA can be compared with these data. Then spatial distribution pattern of air temperature can be produced by using the correlation formula obtained by regression analysis. This study examines the method for three areas, i. e., the Kanto, Kansai (each area size being 80km×80km) and North-Kyushu (area size being 40km×40km) areas. In the second case, no reference temperature data are available, and another method is developed by using the one-dimensional energy budget model. Here, air temperature is estimated by assuming that the brightness temperature represents the surface temperature. The applicability of this method is tested for the Kanto region.

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Effect of land use development in a coastal region on heat island phenomenon is studied numerically by an urban climate model that employs the k-ε turbulence model and an eddy diffusivity model for the transport of momentum, temperature and moisture in the Eckman layer together with a heat balance model for the surface boundary layer and the soil layer. Numerical simulations are carried out for a simplified terrain which consists of sea and land. Changes in wind velocity, temperature and heat fluxes are discussed for three types of land use, that is, land surfaces are 1) covered by grass, 2) urbanized as residential area and 3) further developed in a coastal region as business center. It is clarified in the urbanized area that decrease of latent heat flux and increase of sensible heat flux at urban surface raise temperature in the daytime. Urban canopy intensifies sensible heat transfer, leading to higher air temperature. Sea breeze is blocked by the increased roughness in urbanized zone, resulting in the reduced cooling effect of sea breeze.

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In general, the sea and land breezes are said to have a much effect on the heat island convection. The characteristics of sea and land breeze, however, depend much on daily larger scale conditions, such as the mesoscale pressure distribution. Thus it is needed torelate the local heat island phenomena. This study is, therfore, aimed firstly at investigating the existing sea and land breeze effect on the heat island phenomena in this area, and then at evaluating the effect of geostrophic wind on the convection.

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This paper investigates the behaviors of the sensible heat exchange between the top of the canyon and outside atmosphere using a numerical model together with available field measurement data. It was found that the heating characteristic of the urban canyon has close relationship with the narrowness index and outside wind velocity. The increase of the narrowness index and consequently, reduction of the sky-view factor leads to the reduction of sensible heat exchange between street canyon and outside atmosphere. The increase of outside wind velocity makes the sensible heat exchange between the street canyon and outside atmosphere larger, and consequently cooler the street canyon. A parameterization scheme was established which permits the evaluation of the sensible heat exchange between street canyon and outside atmosphere based on the narrowness index and outside wind velocity.

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A three-dimensional numerical model for the simulation of urban heat islands is developed, and it is applied to Nagoya City and its suburbs. On the basis of the simulated results, the present state of thermal environment and the effect of improved plans in the area are discussed.
The good performance of the model are confirmed by comparison of numerical results with in-situ data at a ypical day of summer. And the following characteristics of the thermal environment are obtained;
1) A weak ascending current occurs in the urban area at night.
2) A front of sea breeze is formed in the urban area in the daytime.
The effect of improving the thermal environment is simulated in the two cases, one is the case of eliminating 50% of the actual artificial heat, the other is the case of increasing the green coverage ratio in urban area to 50%. The changes of air temperature, humidity and wind velocity are evaluated by comparison of the improved case with the actual case using this model.

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We developed “A Life Style Assessment System” which can assess consumers' life style in point of environmental impact to achieve a low environmental impact society. We can understand a difference in the environmental impact between one's daily life and a daily life with an average life style by this system. And with this system, users can obtain the plain results of assessment of their daily life with present life style in point of environmental impact. Therefore, when we improve own life styles to decrease environmental impact, we can recognize the a reduction in the environmental impact. If the system will be popular, people become to turn their mind to the relation between their daily life and global environmental problems, and improve their life style to save energy and resources. And this system is helpfull to establish the ecological society.

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Environmental management and its relationship to human development are in a period of dramatic change inresponse to people's growing concerns over global environmental problems. It has become more and more widely acknowledged by people that our greedy and incessant pursuit of materialistic desires, especially in industrialized countries, cause the overuse of environmental resources and environmental problems. Thus new movement is taking place that seeks for environmentally friendly consumers behaviors and business attitudes. In order to detect such changes in environmental awareness and behaviors of both citizens and businesses, questionnaire surveys were conducted in Fukuoka and other cities .Among various environmental issues, it was exhibited that both citizens and businesses are most concerned about waste management and the recycling of resources. This extremely high concern shows nothing but people's reflection on oureccessive consumption of resources. It was also shown that there are various impediments such as the lack of adequate information that discourage cooperative actions of consumers and producers. Then, necessary conditions that facilitate bothcitizens and businesses to take environmentally friendly behaviors is discussed based on the data obtained.

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The generation stage of paper wastes and the recycling systems in recent Japan were investigated by means of field surveys, reference surveys, and some experiments.
The main results obtained here are as follows.
1. There are severe contradictionary situations for recycling paper wastes.
2. Those contradictions are beyond the level of municipal governments and should be discussed onthe stage of national and international politics.
3. Any economical device like an evironmental tax system is considered to be necessary to clearthe confused situation surrounding paper recycling.
4. The bipass systems like heat utilization of paper wastes should be focused on intensively tostabilize the market of recycled paper wastes.

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Considerations are made on essential factors for environmental education at primaryschool, and a shortcoming of present popular methodology is pointed out: It does not implantin childrens' mind a sense of a sin as a source of environmental polution, which must motivatethe action for the protection of environment. An education program at primary school in Siogama City, which stresses the implanting the sense, is presented. The effect of the program is estimated by using semantic differential method.

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Feasibility of a flood control plan in an urban area of Siogama City, which is consisted of on-site storage facilities in individual houses, is studied from two angles.One is an estimation of its physical effect by using a distributed run-off model. The otheris an estimation of the backing of public opinion through questionnairing. The results suggestthat the facilities have a reasonable effect and can be socially acceptable.

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TO improve the quality of town planning, planning that respects subjective conciousness of the people living in a planning area is needed. We need to put together findings in a widerange of fields: ecology, anthropology, and others. This paper has based on Imanishi's social biological structure theory. At the level of an individual of a species society, we propose integral town-planning, recognizing the importance of integrity and continuity of human activities. At the level of group-society, we emphasize reciprocity as a useful way of communication, and applied this to town-planning. Furthermore, we propose interactive town-planning as asite of cultural and spatial identification from individuals to group-society. At the level ofspecies-society, we have axis town-planning as a site of spatial identification. We believethat if our proposal of subjectivetown-planning is applied, it will contribute at each sociallevel to the recovery of humanities, creation of community, and establishment of hometown consciousness derived from an increase in regional identity. This paper identifies indices of subjective town-planning, drawing on existing cases, and plans park and green planning in Kitajima-cho, Tokushima.

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