The needs for environmental improvement have increased greatly in urban areas. The problem of water reclamation in urban area to make waterside close to people has recently attracted consideration. This concern has been generated under the reconsideration of economic efficiency of water reclamation during the high economic growth period. In this paper, it is considered that the objective of spatial planning of waterside is to minimize the distance between water and people through human five senses. Under these circumstances, three issues were discussed. Firstly, People's recognition of neighboring waterside of rivers from the result of questionnaire and the survey of the desirable outline for people.“What is the waterside of river for residents”, “What the residents consider waterside and want to do”, “Who come to the waterside frequently” are discussed. Secondly the ground design process through preference and distance with attractiveness of waterside has been shown with two assumptions. Then in consideration of the attractiveness, residents' preference and distance of waterside, a case study at an urban area was shown.

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This study made clear evaluation of “Nature” of river from landscape point of view. The results are as follows;
1. The evaluation of “Nature” of river landscape is highly related to the evaluation of “Nature” of river terrace. The evaluation of “Nature” of river terrace depends upon the situation of river terrace mainly.
2. People are apt to think that the river terrace is quite natural if the terrace is “natural vegetation”, however people think it not so natural if the terrace is covered by artificial vegetation such as lawn and field.
3. People are fond of the neat vegetation from point of view, and not fond of messy vegetation when the vegetation is highly natured.
This study also mentions that is important to establish the new landscape evaluation method which includes ecological knowledge.

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The purpose of this study is clearing the image and the role of SEIRYU, or clear streams. We have done the questionnaire for clearing the mean of SEIRYU. The contents of questionnaire are The image of SEIRYU, The role of SEIRYU and The name of river that are thought as SEIRYU. And examined people is people who live in the basin ‘river managers’ and ‘the municipal government’. The results are as following.
1. The images of SEIRYU are beautiful landscape, many living things and clear water for many people. 2 The examined people think the SEIRYU as the place people can relax and it supplies matter resources. 3. The many examined people think Shimanto river, Nagara river, etc as SEIRYU which are covered by news media. Keyword: clear streams, questionnaire, attribute, chi-square test

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The impact of channelization and flow regulation by dams and weirs on river habitats and landscape has been enormous. The most serious impact of river works in Japan, in order to meet the needs of flood protection and water resources, has been to lose a great variety of riverine plants. This has resulted in habitat loss for wildlife and reduced the ability of the river to carry out many of its natural functions, that is the control of local scouring in a levee, water purification and sediment storage. However, only few attempts have so far been made at the evaluation about progression characteristics of vegetation in channelized river and there is a necessity to consider of the potential opportunities for habitat enhancement and rehabilitation which may be undertaken during engineering works. This research attempts to evaluate the progression characteristics of in-channel vegetation in Tamagawa River by aerial photographs. The research has also shown the relationships between the progression characteristics of in-channel vegetation and the impact of the morphologic and hydraulic characteristics included by human impact on in-channel vegetation.

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A large amount forest debris such as pampas, leaves, grasses and driftwoods flow into dam reservoirs during heavy rain or typhoon. These floating solids should be salvaged from the reservoir because of the managenent and the conservation of a dam and reservoir. However, it is so costly that these can not be managed enough. Therefore, we are promoting to let them regenerate as a reservoir resource and let it utilize in a way as much as we can in order to not only improve their controls but minimize the managing cost. The carbonized use of driftwoods was established. In the paper, a way of making into compost for floating organic like pampas, a chemical component of the compost, and the test usages of the compost for plants growing will be discussed. Consequently, the compost made from forest debris will be proved to be available. The regeneration by making into compost of floating organic in reservoirs should be recommended.

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One of the causes of water pollution in the urban small river is inflow of domestic wastewater. But most of residents living in a river basin are lack of understanding a domestic wastewater being related with the river environment. We asked to answer the questionnaire to the residents on the river environment. The aim of this research is investigating their consciousness of the river environment. A lot of the residents who live in the around a polluted river not to be much interest in the river environment. Giving information as the river environment to the residents is effective to improve in consciousness and life style of the residents concerning the river environment. We developed “A SYSTEM OF ASSESSING RESIDENT'S LIFE STYLE CONCERNING THE RIVER ENVIRONMENT” which can assess the resident's life style in point of the river environment.

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Recently, the water distribution control is needed for water supply in a city. Municipal water demand has the variety of fluctuations brought by regional characteristics (industrial and economical activities) in each district, while the capacity of water works facilities are limited. If we have a control scheme for the mutual accommodation of water among districts, it may help to increase the stability of water supply system. In this paper, we proposed a new short-term water demand prediction and distribution method for water control. First, the fluctuations and relationships among factors (water demand, temperature, weather, social activities) were analyzed using daily records of municipal water consumption. Second, applying the multiple ARIMA model, we obtained an effective model to describe the whole water demand in S-City. Third, using this model, we predicted the next year's whole water demand in S-City composed of nine districts, and the water demand of each district was predicted easily and also accurately in proportion to the average of past seven days' water consumption in each district. Thus, our proposed method is useful to predict the regional water demand and gives us basic information for the water distribution control planning.

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This paper presents a diagnostic model for sewage treatment system using the linear discriminant functions, by which we can judge whether the operation is going satisfactorily or having some troubles in removing waste loads by activated sludge process. First, regarding the planning subjects as hierarchical system, we present the planning process for sewage treatment system management. This process consists of the initial planning, the system activity diagnosis, the forecasting by system simulation, and the feedback from its evaluation. Second, for the system activity diagnosis, the linear discriminant functions are made so as to explain the difference of effluent COD (chemical oxygen demand) concentrations. The variables of these functions are influent COD concentration, MLDO (mixed liquor dissolved oxygen) concentration, and water temperature that are selected from usually measured factors at most of sewage treatment plants. Third, through a case study on an actual plant, the efficiency of calculated discriminant functions is shown, and also an application is made to set the standard levels of outflow against the bulking. Our proposed model and planning process will be great help in computer aided control system for sewage treatment plants.

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To imporove naturally diverse river construction method, it was important to know the relatinship betweent he structure of a river bed and benthic animals in a natural environmet. We investigated the distribution of benthic animals inhabited riffles, pools and water sides with plants at seven sampling stations in mountain streams which flow through the foot of the Mountain Tsukuba. Water was clean in the upper reaches, There were differences in species composition among the stations. Mayflies of Family Siphonuridae Ameletuscostalis and Ecdyonurus tobiironis, the caddis flies Apsilochorema sutshanum and Diplectrona sp. DB, and the river carb Geoth-phusa dehahii were cokkected only from the upper reaches. On the contrary, the Choronomid larvae Chironomus yoshima-tsui were restricted to the lower reaches. When we investigate the habitat distribytion of benthic animals, the dra-gofly nymph Epiophlebia suoerstes and the mayfly nymph Epeorus ikanonis were dominant only in riffles, and the caddis fly Anisocentropus immunis was restricted to pools. On the other hand, the caddis flies Apsilochorema sutshanum and Diplectrona sp. DB, and the dobson fly Protohermes grandis were not observed in pools. The relatie abundance of the dragonfly nymog Mnais pruinosa in the upper reaches tended to be higger in watersieds than in riffles or pools.
These results suggest that the occurrence, dominance and relative abundance of some soecies can be used as excellent indicators of environmentak impact assessment method.

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This paper presents a new method for evaluating fish habitat environments. The proposal method is especially effective in the region like Japan where environments are various in each section along the river, and there are various fish species. Filed observation data was analyzed by the principal component analysis method, mutual relation between environmental factors and the amount of fish habitat was clarified. And, this analysis result explains fishes' actual modes of life of each fish species. That is, how which environmental factors exert the influence on the amount of fish habitat is shown. Authors adapt the characteristic of such a principal component analysis for our proposal method by weighting factors according to the size of the vector of the factor loading. The method of fish habitat potential was calculated by using the weighted principal factor method and fishes' preference curves which are used also with the IFIM. In addition, a methodology of Choquet integral is able to evaluate fish habitat environments comprehensively by regarding the factor loading as the fuzzy measure.

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Recently, the request for ecological aspect in river improvement works becomes gradually stronger in order to offer higher quality of natural space to people. We adopted the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) to determine a conservation flow for freshwater fishes. Habitat variables (velocity, depth, and substrate) are utilized to derive a habitat suitability criteria for pale chub, dark club, and river lizard goby observed in 1994 in Oto River. And we surveyed macro-habitat variables, that are water temperature and cover (i. e. shadowed area on water surface by trees along the riverside), during the summer in 1995 to enhance the IFIM model by introducing the relation with target fishes. To apply the IFIM to a study reach, we developed a one-dimensional mathematical model for a gradually varied flow. We derived accurate and objective habitat suitability criteria between target fishes and habitat variables and found that density of fish species was related to cover according to each fish's food pattern. However, water temperature data during one day were not sufficient to explain a relation with target fishes. Variation in WUA, which shows a quantitative estimate of fish habitat, is found out to be closely related to density of target fishes and a conservation flow for pale chub in summer in Oto river is evaluated about 4m³/sec.

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Aquatic macrophytes and submerged vegetated banks have remarkable effects on water quality in Lakes. Macrophyte community preserves the ecological system for organism habitats, which eventually provides a positive effects on water quality. Among others, zooplankton has an important position in the aqatic ecosystem because they feed on algae and detritus.
This paper describes spatial distribution of zooplankton inside lakes based on observational results. Lake A has a partially vegetated bank, whereas Pond B is characterized by two different parts, an artificial shore and a naturally vegetated basin. Zooplankton was sampled at several points including near the vegetated bank and the non-vegetated bank, together with phytoplankton concentration and other water quality parameters. It was found that zooplankton distribution was decided by some parameters those depend on species and time, but the vegetation is one of the most important parameters.

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There are more than 25 thousands irrigation ponds in Japan. Irnigation ponds which have been maintained traditionally, supported rich flora of aquatic plants. However, recent change of irrigation ponds ecrsystem due to agricultural situation affect aquatic plants habitat. It is important to describe ecological struture of irrigation ponds as basic infornation far aquatic plants conservation. In this paper, the authats drew detailed scale secticoal plan in order to make clearelationships between aquatic plants'habitat and water depth. It becomes clear that several aquatic plants speies have certain tendency to select suitable depth for their own habitat. Three species, Typha latifolia, Schoenoplectus muconatusand Eleocharis kuroguwai prefer less than 30cm depth with soil sediment. Two species which are valuable for conservation, Blyxa japonica and Caldesia parnassifolia prefer also shallow places but without sediment. They have been loosing their habitat by soil sedimentation from upper side of the ponds. Schoenoplectus nipponicus, Sparuganium subglolosum, Nymphaea tetragona and Braseria schreberi have tendency to growth in deeper side especially Brasenia schreberi Conservation measures such as removal of sail sediment and sand arrestation are proposed based on the survey results.

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A model of three species of phytoplankton (diatom, green and blue green algae) coupled with macrophyte and sedimentary model has been developed for shallow lake. Phosphorus and nitrogen return fluxes from the bottom sedimento overlying water are simulated by model for the sediment -water exchange of nutriets. hedevelopent of otamogen pectinatus L. is simulated by macrophyte model. The verification of the model for phytoplnkton, phosporus, amonium nitrate return fluxes was conducted using observed data in Lake Veluwe in 1986. The fitness beteen obseved nd is computed values suggest that the model is capable of reproducing the real picture of phytoplankton and Potamogeton P.L. development in Lake Veluwe for short and long term time period. One of the rationale conclusion from the model for Lake Veluwe is that the declining of phytoplankton concentration followed the water quality is improved, as consequences light can be penetrated into deeper water column and macrophyte can be grown. All model equations and the application of the model as tool for analyzing and describing interactions between the biological processes, utrients reycling, macroyte developing in Lake Veluwe is subject of this study.

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In order to develop a method of predicting and assessing lake eutrophication, which is a serious environmental problem, and to propose effective measures for improvement of water quality, this paper presents a composite model of the mixing of a lake by an air bubble plume and lake phytoplankton model. The equations of heat and mass transfer in the lake were solved together with equations governing physical and biological processes in the lake under real atmospheric conditions coupled with an integrated model of bubble plume. The verification of the model conducted using data of the Lake Calhoun (USA). Using the developed model, numerical experiments were carried out for an imaginary lake in Hiroshima region with different gas flow rate of bubble plume, different number of bubble ports and different starting date of bubble plume. The optimization of the improvement of water quality in the lake can be obtained by using appropriate gas flow rate and number of bubble ports.

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The objectives of this study are to simulate pollutant runoff load into Lake Biwa using Macro Model and examine the runoff characteristics of pollutants. As a result of the simulations, runoff pollutant load in every river which flowed into Lake Biwa was calculated. And the runoff characteristics of pollutants during dry weather days and storm events from Lake Biwa basin were examined in consideration of the characteristics of the basin. In the results, some available knowledge concerned with the environmental management in Lake Biwa basin was obtained.

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There have been developed 20 skiing grounds and more than 14, 000 units of resort condominiums in Yuzawa, Niigata. This paper specifies the evaluation structure of natural, community and transport environmental impacts caused by resort development during 1970 and 1995, and quantifies the preferential scores of impacts by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Then, it evaluates the economic values of traffic congestion in winter by applying the contingent valuation method, and finally quantifies the total economic value of environment deterioration in Yuzawa. The total value of willingness to accept is estimated to be 5.6 billion yen per year, and willingness to pay is 1.5 billion yen per year.

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Integrated Environmental Accounting System (IEAS) are Applied on the Basin of Lake-Biwa and Yodo River embodying environmental linkage and depletion of environmental resources. Firstly, several proposals and practices of environmental accounting are surveyed for reviewing and most simple set of core and satellite account sub-systems is formulated for the pilot simulation in the basin. Secondly, cross-boundary environmantal load repercussion, due to increasing economic and environmantal linkage, are counted for 1975 and 1990 by using embodied environmental load analysis on the formulated framework of environmental accounting. The results of the study are as follows, firstly the ratio of so-called eco-margin, which implies monetarily evaluated environmantal degradation, to gross regional product, has decreased from 0.57% in 1975 to 0.14% in 1990, secondly economic activities beyond regions had shadow effects to local environmantal change each other, thirdly in spite of eco-margin in Osaka balanced to that in Siga, the difference of embodied load between them has increased. Finally this pilot study shows wide scope of possible usefulness in budgeting environmental dependence and respnsibility of each region in Environmantal Accounting System.

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Reducing the amount of municipal solid waste that is disposed of has become an important policy goal. The user-fees-system for household solid waste should have incentives to households to reduce the quantity of refuse discarded. In general, associated with introduction of user-fees-system, more persons becomeaware of limitation of environmental capacity than before. Authors analyze socio-economically how much municipal solid waste reduction contributes to risen levelof environmental consciousness, in the case study at Sumoto City. Here, the house-hold's decision mechanism on the quantities of solid waste to discard and recycle is modeled in terms of maximized utilities subject to time and budget constraints, and increases in level of environmental consciousness are assumedto increase utility. As a result, using the model, this study reveals that the impact of risen level of consciousness of environment on municipal solid waste reduction is rather slight, with comparison to impact due to user fees.

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In this study, the impacts of the construction on the micro-climate of the open space were compared and evaluated by field observation. Two kinds of field observation about micro-climate were carried out in the open spaces at Hongo Campus of the University of Tokyo. By the first one, the micro-climate in the high-raised, low-density area was compared with that in the low-raised, high-density area. By the other, the thermal conditions for various open spaces with the artificial and natural surface were evaluated. It was made clear through this study that the thermal conditions of open spaces depend strongly on the layout of buildings and components such as vegetation, open water and so on. The application of this study to designing open spaces in developments is also discussed.

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In this paper, we introduce our enduse-type carbon dioxide emission model and project carbon dioxide emission in Japan by using it. The model calculates a combination of energy devices to be used so as to minimize the total cost for supplying energy services. And, the model counts carbon dioxide emissions from the direct consumption of energy by the selected energy devices. Based on the projections, we report carbon dioxide emission on 2010 will be 357 MtC (technology share fixed case) and 341MtC (technology selection case), compared with 320MtC on 1990.

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Recently, it has been shown that an idea of discharge permit trading proposed in the United States is useful for the environmental conservation. This paper discusses a discharge permit trading problem arising between makers and a local government. The former generate large amount of wastewater due to their production activities and the latter is responsible for environmental conservation. There exists a case where the commission for the public sewerage plant services of the wastewater due to the production activity is cheaper than the treatment cost in the maker's own wastewater treatment plant. The local government is assumed to have a public wastewater treatment plant having enough capacity to treat not only residential wastewater but also industrial wastewater by trading the discharge permit to the makers. The above problem is formulated into a simplified competitive model under the reasonable cost structure. The discharge permit trading condition is given as Nash equilibrium solution of the problem. Finally, the utilization of the discharge permit is confirmed by applying the derived results to the case of prefecture governments and their industrial sectors in Seto Inland Sea area.

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Carbon dioxide emission patterns in 1960-90 were examined in terms of industrial linkages and repercussions with involvement of households. The objective of this study is to clarify direct and indirect carbon dioxide emission patterns with internalization of households, and to discuss about the embodied emission patterns due to export and other final demand corresponding to the phase of rapid industrialization in Japan. The results are as follows: a) increased contribution of households to the emission was recognized in 1970-90 both through induced consumption and income repercussions, b) the trend of coefficients in the extended Leontief inverse matrix weighted by direct emission intensities of carbon dioxide showed patterns that the household sector had been likely to receive repercussion of the emission with reflection of post industrialization, c) the share of households in embodied carbon dioxide due to exports, especially of automobiles and household electric appliances, has rapidly increased following the phase of economic growth.

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In this paper, reduction of road traffic noise near trunk road was investigated quantitatively, when the following countermeasures were accepted against noise sources. First of all, when low-noise vehicles such as electric ones were used widely, reduction of road traffic noise was calculated. Now vehicles travel with an equal and constant speed on a road. Because we can guess not only low-noise vehicles but also diesel trucks will be driven on a road even in the future, reduction of road traffic noise was quantitatively determined according to several scenarios, for example, a scenario that all vehicles were replaced to low-noise ones, a scenario that both passenger cars and light trucks were replaced to them, and so on. Furthermore, when roads were paved with drainage asphalt in addition to low-noise vehicles widespreading as a countermeasure, reduction of road traffic noise was calculated.

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Since 1962, Shuto Expressway has been playing an important role in enhancing mobility in Tokyo area, offering novel landscape in the city at the same time. This paper attempts to clarify the transition of technical method to treat landscape, and social image toward its view, and their correlations.
In earlier times, view of Shuto Expressway was taken with positive image of modernism with its elegant shape formed by structural design. In early 1970's its image turned negative by pollution problem and several methods aimed to weaken its visual tension. Recently, the image turned positive again. Verbal technique made parts of Expressway of “the Sights”, and visitors discovered its essential beauty from novel angle. That caused us to fmd morphological interest in it.

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Drivers have to act carefully and judge changeable road traffic conditions in an instant. Driving is not a heavy physical burden, however, it is mentally exhausting. Nervous stress can be induced by the excess of stimulation from outside the vehicle-other traffic, pedestrians etc.
This study is a clarification of the proven correlation between traffic accidents and perspiration level (a phenomenon which is a physiological reaction to driving) by analyzing the stress of driving objectively.
This study also investigates the correlation between a predictive formula model of levels of perspiration and the road traffic environment, and indicates the need to draw up safety facility plans in order to avoid traffic accidents by improving the road traffic environment.

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This paper discusses how outdoor life space for people should be, focusing on its nature and locality in the viewpoint of Life Environment Study which is introduced as a subject in the first and the second years in elementary schools. One of the objectives of this subject is that elementary students can understand nature and the community around them through their experience in an outdoor life space. We made up a questionnaire and some hearing research for elementary school teachers in Tokushima Prefecture. Based on these results, a desirable outdoor life space in which people can commune with nature, the influence of community study in Life Environment Study on development of local community, and the connection between local community and role outdoor life space are discussed.

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In order to plan outdoor life space of good quality, residents' subjective participation is needed. Though workshop is one of the effectual methods, it has many problems. In this study, based on the Suehiro Park Workshop, the problems of workshop itself are discussed. And we discuss the problems in the case of application of workshop to the improvement of outdoor life space. Some of the results are as follows:(1) There are three ways of participation forms of specialists as group leaders in workshop; participation not expressing their career, participation giving some advice, and participation displaying their leadership. Each group leader should know which participated form they take before workshop begins.(2) In the stage of space planning, information of the space and region including “affordance” is important. Therefore, it is needed to pick up these information actively in workshop.

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Environmental planning needs traditional wisdom to reunify the skillful employed mechanisms of control environmental resources in modern society. Socio-environmental systems are one of the method to systemize the wisdom from rocal fields. The theory and methodology of the socio-environmental systems have not been established. This paper is a methodological study on the implanting process of socio-environmental systems in which the author aims to define a new theoretical models from the viewpoint of environmental planning. To present this subjects, the author suggested the “model block” to draw comparably diagrams of the socio-environmental systems, which are formed three parts; significant systems, social systems and spatial systems. The author fixed the implanting process as the designing new society to adopt another socio-environmental system to the planning society. Using this “model block”, the author identified the basic model of the implanting process, which are divided to three phases;(1) modeling phase, (2) adapting phase and (3) reunifying phase. Four major types of the implanting process are identified from the way how to adopt the another socio-environmental system in the society. Those are;(1) the rocal community adopted actively the implanted system to daily life named “Community type”, (2) the experimental introduction of the implanted system named “Event type”, (3) the isolated recreational places specialized for making a reproduction of the implanted system named “Themepark type” and (4) the isolated membership place realized the implanted system in daily life named “Utopia type”. The results of the systems analysis of the implanting process of the miniature pilgrimage places and the regional touristic places clarified the characteristics and the features of each type in each process being usable in practical applications. Finally, the author have developed the transit strategy of the implanting process of socio-environmental systems using the four type.

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Tower-structured facilities, like electric wave towers, take intensive impact toward the adjacent landscape with their large scale, height and industrial appearance, especially when they are constructed within or close to downtown. There are cases of the assimilation into their surroundings with the installation of public access, and also of taking on quite identical existence to be a prominent symbol of the district, with the emphasis of its optical appearance.
Taking the Tokyo-Tower as a case study, this study aims to manifest the transition of image toward tower-structured facilities by text analysis with articles of newspaper, magazine, and content of description in popular songs. The transition of image is obtained as follows;
(1) Right after the construction in 1958: Symbol of economic growth, breakthrough toward the developed countries, height and modernism (2) Until the light-up project in 1989: Decadence of relative height (caused by the construction of skyscrapers around) and Slight perception of its existence (3) After the light-up project: Revitalization of existence from novel viewpoint (e.g. waterfront) along with waterfront development in 1980's
This conclusion can suggest design value of tower-structured facilities in future, i.e.(1) Assimilation and (2) Emphasis of its Existence.

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This study investigates the inter-relationship in community centers between life support activities in disaster emergency and community group peculiarities in quiet. Interview survey of twelve local facilities in the eastern part of Kobe City was made to identify life support activities and partnership among different sectors in the Earthquake time, as well as community groups characteristics in ordinary time. The following results are found based on the data analysis.(1) The Local disaster center activities factor was influential over distribution activities for citizens outside the community centers, as well as the supply service of more sophisticated life demands.(2) Participation of several sectors in life support activities were found and community groups, as well as municipality officials and volunteer groups played a crucial role in life support activities, while various patterns of partnership among different sectors were classified into six patterns.(3) Some community group conditions in a quiet time had influences over emergency activity patterns.

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The study has concerned with development of an eco-sound community of sound material cycle systems and largely improved life style. Firstly, a criterion of assessing eco-soundness has been evolved. To calculate the criterion, an extensive data collection has been made of the parameters of environmental load generated from a unit consumption of consumer goods in everyday life. On the basis of this collected data set, variety of alternatives in household action were quantitatively evaluated. The result proves that the most feasible and effective way of household behavior supported by the eco-sound community infrastructure is the system of encouraging life style change with waste composting.
The present analysis will provide a useful basis for future development of the concept of an eco-sound society.

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In order to evaluate the possibility of reduction of life cycle CO₂ emission from an actual new habitation district, an advanced method of estimation was developed, by using combination of the process analysis and the input-output analysis on the amount of materials in the main. CO₂ emission from the district in the construction and operating stage was estimated as 164 thousand ton-C during 15-year period of use.
Several feasible alternatives were proposed to reduce CO₂ emission there, and each improvement effect was estimated. CO₂ emission from the civil construction will be reduced by 4.1% by adapting slope in place of brick or concrete wall, by 3.4% by changing materials of pedestrian pavement. CO₂ emission during 15-year period of use will be reduced by 4.5% by introducing photovoltaic power system, by 1.0% by introducing solar thermal system and by 2.3% by construction of district heating and cooling system. The cost of reduction ranged between -1.6 thousand yen/kg-C and 0.7 thousand yen/kg-C.

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The purpose of this study is to conduct the life cycle assessment of the district heating and cooling system (DHC) with cogeneration system or heat pump system using river water source taking local condition into account. LCE (life cycle energy), LCCO₂ (life cycle CO₂), LCCost (life cycle cost) are chosen as indicators, and their inputs to construction and operation of DHC systems are estimated. For this estimation, a new method using the ratio of material energy to processing energy was introduced in this study.
It reveals that about 4-10% of the estimated total LCE and about 5-15% of the LCCO₂ are required for the construction of system, but cost of construction stage is 45-65% of LCCost. All of LCE, LCCO₂ and LCCost are less as heat supply density is higher. For the area of the same density, LCCost is less as area of system is larger, whereas LCE and LCCO₂ are more as area is larger due to the increase of energy for pumping and heat loss. Concerning LCE and LCCO₂, it is suggested that the best condition for DHC system is high density of heat supply and compact area.

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Recently, Life Cycle assessment has been applied to environmental impact evaluation for industrial products. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) methods have been applied for the environmental impact evaluation of plans of infrastructures. However, the EIA methods are limited to the regional environment, whereas LCA can deal with broader range of environmental issues like the global environmental problems. Application of LCA to civil engineering fields is effective in this reason.
The purpose of this study is the environmental impact evaluation of waste water treatment by Life Cycle Assessment. At first we've prepared many kinds of unit environmental loads of materials, machines, and energies consumed in life cycle time by input-output analysis method using 1990 Input-Output Tables of Japan and these values of unit loads include the direct and indirect loads. Using the result of life cycle inventory analysis of waste water treatment, we caluculated environmental loads from biochemical and chemical unit processes and attempted to evaluate the three types of high advanced COD treatment.

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Despite the substantial impact of infrastructure improvement on the global environment, estimation methods have not been established yet. In this paper, a method which measures the environmental load of a unit of road infrastructure is developed by applying the concept of Life Cycle Assessment. Especially, it is indicated both environmental load from infrastructure and that from vehicles running on the infrastructure should be evaluated because road infrastructure improvement influences traffic condition. In addition, the integration with the existing assessment methods of infrastructure improvement impacts is attemped. As a case study, some alternative types of road structure are assessed.

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This study, on inner area in Ashiya city, by means of GIS, aims to make it clear how much trees space diminished by the Hanshin earthquake disaster, and to simulate green space system under the assumpution of animals moving. As a result, that diminished 6.12% of trees space in the private lots. We can predict effectively the betterment of green space system, through getting massive green space using land development, and greenbelt run along rivers and roads.

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Disposing a large quantity of surplus soil, generated by constructions, has become problems of the increase of transportation cost and lacking of disposal sites. On the other hand, supply of soil to some construction sites have also become a serious problem. Therefore the recycle of surplus soil from a construction site to another construction site is necessary.
This paper proposes a regional coordination model for recycle use of soil between construction projects. Then the application is presented by useing the hypothetical data.

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After the unification of germany, the water quality in the Elbe River was drastic recovered through the closing of many industries in the fomer east germany. Many wastewater treatment plants, which had insufficient removal capacity, were closed and new biological treatment plants including aerated lagoons were build. On the contraly, because of the closing of all facilities, which were operated for agricultural irrigation after mechanical treatment, the total loading against public water body increased. In the area, which had no sewerage sysytem. the nutrient loading is estimated to increase five times higher than the former because of the construction of it. Wastewater charge increased up to about 7DM and criticism against Municipal Charge Act are raised. In the state of Saxony, the wastewater treatment plant is constructed without advanced treatment process in order to minimise the construction cost and to help municipal finance.

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The purpose of this support system is promoting environmentally sound actions for individuals and groups. The main concept of this system is that more suitable actions presented to people considering their different characters is more feasible for the reduction of environmental dependence. The evaluation of Life-Cycle Energy (LCE) is basically calculated by using unit-load-factor value and frame-data set along the designed lifecycle. In this paper, it is focused that the evaluation of LCE of domestic appliances increased and/or decreased by selected behavior of user. Especially daily actions on utilization of these appliances are estimated high performance on reduction of LCE. Personal Computer System, which is equipped with hierarchical information supplying functions by the window system can be available for promotion of such environmentally sound actions.

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The authors discussed about regional level ecological network plans and implementation of ecological corridors in the province of Utrecht, the Netherlands. In the Netherland there are three different (national, regional and municipal) level ecological network plans in which a solution for habitat fragmentation.
The province of Utrecht introduced a regional is sought level ecological network plan in 1993 under the national ecological network. In Utrecht, ecological corridors are designed as followings. Firstly, 135 target species that represent different types of biotope are selected To simplify the planning process, 23 guide species are selected from the target species, based on their sensitivity to fragmentation. Each corridor is describedby its biotope demands based of relevant target and guide species.
For implementation of ecological corridors, the provincial government made a separate policy plan. The policy plan indicates the location of 31 corridors on a topographic map. In order to realize the corridors, various measures e. g. supporting design and maintenance, mitigating barriers, buying lands, are taken. Different public and private parties participate in planning and construction of corridors under the ordination of the provincial government.

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Urban planning has been focusing mainly on land utilization, population, transportation and public facilities, and has been made light of the other elements. Although urban planning is tremendously complicated, its integrated planning for creation of urban areas with satisfactory environment is really desired by considering benefits, costs and risk in them.
Benefits and risk in urban areas are divided into five groups, which are safety, convenience, comfortableness, aesthetic level and culture level. Each term was evaluated with cost to increace or decreace benefits. Under a certain cost, the sum of utility of the benefits and risk should be maximized. A nonlinear programming method newly developed was verified to be applicable to estimate the maximum utility under a given cost for urban environmental planning.

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These days, the conservation of ecosystem or biodiversity has become a social demand. It is therefore getting more important to predict how ecosystem will be influenced by civil engineering works. This is a report on an investigation of the influence of dam operation upon benthos community in the lower stream of dams.
What can be observed by comparing the river bed between the lower stream of the dams and other rivers without dams is the difference in the composition of the bed materials. In the lower stream of the dams the base rock is exposed and large seized stones on the river bed are dominant. It may be considered that the exposure of the base rock is due to the prevention of stones by dams from flowing down dams and that the dominacy of the large sized stones is due to the stability of stream. The diffrence in the benthos community is also observed. The more the base rock is exposed, the less species of Ecdyonuridae live and the less the small and medium sized stones exist, the less the mass of Ephemerellidae is.
One the basis of this investigation, problems about environmental impact assessment are also discussed.

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Situation of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of port development projects in developing countries was studied through a literature survey and questionnaire/interview to port authorities and relevant organizations/persons, then it was discussed comparing with Japanese EIA system for domestic projects. It appeared that many developing countries had been establishing the EIA law/regulations recently, and more than 80% of ports of developing countries had implemented the EIA study for their projects. Several characteristics were found in the way of EIA in developing countries comparing with the Japanese system. Selected environmental issues through the scoping procedure are examined in the sequent stages of the project cycle, which formulate the port development plan step by step in developing countries. Some features of the EIA implementation in developing countries were pointed out to be aware to conduct a suitable EIA study in compliance with the EIA system in developing countries.

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Facing the rapid deterioration of global enviroment, we have hardly established feasible system for sound urban infrastructure rearrangement mainly because of social unpreparedness. In such transitional stage, one of the crucial issues is how to pay the additional cost. Hence the authors discuss the workability of beneficiary-pay principle widely aplied to urban development projects by Housing & Urban Development Corpolation: cost be born by HUDC initially and then be recovered through selling developed land with increased enviromental value.

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Although a number of models to forecast future environmental changes have been developed, uncertainties hidden behind the models have not yet been fully discussed. Uncertainties are arising from insufficient knowledge about natural ecosystem and our own social, economic and political systems. They are also related to the mechanisms of macroscopic order formation as discussed by Haken and Weidlich in their theory of “synergetics”. Microscopic fluctuations constantly occurring in the system are sometimes amplified and give rise to large-scale changes in macro systems. Paradigm shift, revolution, important scientific discovery and technology innovation are all conceived of as such changes. The first attempt of this paper is to streamline the discussion on uncertainties in environmental modeling and forecasting. It discusses the types of uncertainties and the methods to incorporate them into “semi-macro models”. Then it presents two model examples concerning technology innovation and crop production in order to demonstrate how uncertainties can be dealt with in the model.

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In this research work, support system for environmentconscious urban planning was developed for the planner. There are several points of views for environment, therefore policies for urban development are grouped into six items, namely “environmental load reduction”, “improvement of urban climate”, “symbiosis with nature”, “healthy city planning”, “creation of city identity” and “adjustment of urban infrastructure”. On the other hand, environmetal elements are devided under 12 heads, namely “vegetation”, “animal”, “soil”, “water”, “wind/atmosphere”, “ sound/vibration”, “light”, “energy”, “resources”, “wastes”, “view” and “socity”. The matrix made up of those policies for urban development and these environmental elements is the main part of the support system. When the planner decides the project's policy and choose the interesting environmental elements, design skill and engineering technologies suitable for the project could be chosen automatically by this matrix. As subsystems of this matrix there are two kinds of sheets. The first one is the evaluation sheet, which is prepared for each environmental element, and consists of evaluation items, indexs for evaluation, standards for evaluation and forecasting methods. The second one is the design skill or engineering technology sheet, which consists of its abstract, performance, costs and impacts to the environments. Essentially this support system was designed for the circumstance of network-system of personal computers.

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With the trend of “down-sizing”, philosophy and concept of computer-assissted environmental information systems are subject to drastic changes. Personal computers (PCs) have come to be more effectively used for processing large volume data than before; they can even match engineering work stations in terms of calculation speed and memory capacity. Moreover, PCs provide users with more freedom and flexibility of establishing user-oriented data handling and analysis systems. This paper presents an example of environmental information system based on the most modern PCs and an object-oriented programming language (VBA; Visual Basic for Applicaion). It demonstrates how non-professional users with relevant computer knowledge can develop geographical information system and other data processing systems.

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Based on development of efficient personal computer and increase for environmental preservation, the authors have developed system for prediction of environmental pollution using personal computer for enviromental education.
This report shows some case study of envirnmental pollution using that system.

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Human race's technology is given priority in the quantitative and stable production of products and has developed after The Industrial Revolution. But on the other hand, such technology caused a lot of environmental problem such as air pollution and water pollution. To solve the environmental problem, a lot of technologies are proposed now. I wonder whether the paradigm which those technologies pursue is the same one as the technology which the human race has developed after The Industrial Revolution. The technology which solves an environmental problem needs a different paradigm. It is Organic Engineering. Organic Engineering is defined as the technology which takes in the natural energy such as sun light, heat, water, the wind etc., and acts like the living thing which synchronized with nature. In this technological paradigm, the system does not always need to function. For instance, it is acceptable that the system functions in sunny day but not in cloudy day. The environment always changes. Therefore it is not efficient that we try to solve by the technology which functions steadily from the entire energy efficiency viewpoint. We advocate Organic Engineering here as the basic concept of environmental technology which everybody takes into consideration.

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