Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have emerged as a key biological fertilizer in sustainable fruit farming that promotes nutrient uptake, improving edaphic conditions, and increasing crop resilience to eco-physiological stressors. Through symbiotic relations with the higher plant roots, AMF facilitate the uptake of essential minerals and nutrients, leading to improved plant health, increased yields, and reduced reliance on synthetic fertilizers. These attributes contribute to environmentally sustainable fruit production. This review explores the current applications, achievements, and limitations of AMF in fruit production, with a focus on commercially available inoculants and specific case studies demonstrating their efficacy. However, factors such as variability in the colonization efficiency, soil-specific interactions, and logistics challenges in larger-scale applications hinder their widespread adoption. Moreover, the compatibility with conventional crop varieties and the dynamic interaction within the soil microbiomes present additional challenges. The future perspective aims to enhance arbuscular mycorrhizal efficiency through breeding, genetic engineering, and elucidation of molecular signaling pathways to optimize plant-fungal interactions. The Integration of precision agriculture, advanced bioformulations, and biotechnological advancements is expected to improve AMF adaptability across diverse climatic conditions and cropping systems, thereby promoting their broader implementation in commercial fruit production.

Roses (Rosa spp.) are among the most widely cultivated ornamental plants globally. However, there have been increasing threats from a wide range of plant viruses. These viral pathogens are taxonomically diverse and include representatives from multiple virus families, infecting roses through varied transmission pathways such as insect vectors, grafting, and propagation materials. Over 26 distinct viruses affecting rose production have been identified globally. These include rose rosette virus, apple mosaic virus, prunus necrotic ringspot virus, and rose cryptic virus 1. Infections result in a wide spectrum of symptoms, including leaf mottling, deformation, growth abnormalities, and floral disruption, which significantly reduce the aesthetic and commercial values of rose plants. Some viruses cause severe systemic effects that lead to plant decline or death, while others establish latent infections that are symptomless. Recent developments in molecular detection techniques, particularly sequencing technologies, have expanded the discovery and characterization of rose-infecting viruses, which reveal complex virus communities within single plants. Mixed infections are increasingly common and often intensify symptom severity. Despite these advances, substantial knowledge gaps regarding the biological behavior, epidemiology, and long-term management of many rose viruses. This review presents a global synthesis of the current understanding of rose-infecting viruses, including their taxonomic classification, method of transmission, geographical distribution, and symptomatic manifestations. It also discusses diagnostic challenges in virus detection, emerging threats linked to global trade, and the imperative for integrated disease management strategies.

Pontederia crassipes, commonly known as water hyacinth, is among the world’s most damaging invasive aquatic plants, posing severe threats to freshwater ecosystems, biodiversity, and local economies. While a wide range of control strategies, including mechanical, chemical, biological, and integrated, have been implemented, their outcomes remain inconsistent and highly dependent on local contexts. This review synthesizes recent advances in managing Pontederia crassipes, with a focus on adaptive and ecosystem-based approaches. From over 900 peer-reviewed publications, 50 high-quality studies were systematically selected and analyzed to identify key trends, success factors, limitations, and future research directions. Biological control using Neochetina spp. and Megamelus scutellaris has demonstrated consistent effectiveness in tropical and subtropical environments. Meanwhile, integrated strategies combining multiple control methods have proven the most resilient and sustainable. New directions, such as using biomass for bioremediation, pollution control, and energy recovery, align well with global sustainability goals. However, significant challenges persist, including fragmented policy coordination, limited stakeholder participation, and the impacts of climate change. This review underscores the need for localized, evidence-based, and participatory frameworks to ensure the long-term success of Pontederia crassipes management. Future research should emphasize optimizing integrated methods, assessing socio-economic trade-offs, and scaling up sustainable biomass utilization.

Urban flood early warning systems (EWS) are increasingly recognized as vital components of climate resilience strategies in rapidly urbanizing areas. With intensifying hydrometeorological risks and infrastructural vulnerabilities, timely and accurate flood alerts are essential to minimizing disaster impacts. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from over 40 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025, spanning technological innovations, modeling techniques, governance frameworks, and community engagement approaches in urban EWS.

Guided by PRISMA methodology, the review identifies key advances in real-time monitoring (IoT, remote sensing), data-driven flood forecasting (AI/ML), and integrative decision-support tools. However, persistent barriers, including fragmented institutional coordination, limited model generalizability, and inequitable risk communication, continue to hinder EWS effectiveness, especially in low-resource settings.

The paper proposes a multi-dimensional framework for future research and implementation, emphasizing hybrid modeling, participatory design, and inclusive governance. Findings call for integrated, context-sensitive EWS architectures that balance technical sophistication with social trust and equity.