Attempts to consider the interests and rights of future generations are gaining academic and public attention as harmful effects of political short-termism, such as delay in climate action, become tangible. We summarize four potential sources of political short-termism and two normative reasons in favor of addressing it. Subsequently, we categorize real-world examples of future generations consideration institutions into eleven types and review them. The functions of these institutions can be classified into monitoring and fostering. The monitoring function plays a role in checking whether regulated entities appropriately consider the interests and rights of future generations when making decisions. The fostering function encourages decision-makers to engage in long-term thinking. Finally, we discuss the limitations of each type of institution and present recommendations for future research.

Nudges have been drawing attention as a measure to induce behavioral changes. This article reviews papers, mainly from experimental economics, on the effects of nudges in the context of their increasing application in policy. In particular, it focuses on studies that consider whether nudging can be effective in a social dilemma, which is a fundamental source of environmental and resource problems. The paper also examines what kind of information should be provided to consumers in addition to the label attached to food products to promote an environmentally-friendly purchasing behavior.

Policymakers have been paying greater attention to the role of non-monetary interventions in improving policy efficiency. In this paper, I first provide basic information on nudging interventions and randomized control trials for better understanding the effectiveness of nudging interventions. Second, I outline the literature on nudging interventions in environmental and resource economics. Third, I introduce a recent meta-analysis study that provides comprehensive evidence from large scale policy interventions as well as academic studies. Finally, I discuss current limitations and future directions for nudging interventions.