Using data of 1,474 samples obtained from mail survey for 4,000 adult males and females randomly sampled, I analyzed the attitudes toward old age and consciousness of old-age norm through intergenerational comparison. Generally speaking, there is a high proportion of young generation agreeing to positive attitudes toward old age, but young people’s negative attitudes, such as the elderly do not understand young people's interests and behaviors and the elderly are stubborn, are stronger than the elderly generation. Compared with the elderly generation, the percentage of young and middle aged generations who have consciousness of taking-an-active-part norm was overwhelmingly small. Factors that affect attitudes toward old age and old-age norm were the degree of "confidence to keep a goal of life and worth living" and "anxiety becoming bedridden" as well as socio-demographic attributes. It is worth noting, in a super-aged society where expectations for social roles of older generations has been growing, how does the differences of attitudes toward old age and old-age norm between generations influence to the formation of partnership between generations.

The aim of this research is to sort elderly living alone by their types of marital status and to clarify the relationships between those types and their higher-level functional capacity and mental health. The object of this research are 757 elderly people living alone chosen from 5,052 people who replied a mail survey that carried out on 7,707 people, out of 8,332 people over 65 years old in 2013 in the A ward B area of Tokyo, who are not nursing care level 4 or 5 and are not inmates of welfare facilities. This research adopted TMIG-IC as the index of higher-level functional capacity, and WHO-5-J as the mental health index. This research examined the relationships between the score of TMIG-IC and WHO-5-J and the types of living alone by general linear model. Its fixed factors are the types of their marital status（separation, dibosu, bereavement and unmarried）, annual income, whether they have separated children or not. And the covariate are their sex and age. The results are as follows. Though the relationship between the types of living alone and TMIG-IC score was not significant, WHO-5-J score was lower in parting group compared with bereavement group. In addition, there was an interaction between existence of separated children and the types of living alone. That is, separation group with separated children showed significantly low score.

Studies on the construct of resilience in the face of health-related stressors and adversities published in Japanese journals were examined in a systematic review on the development of resilience scales, and 44 studies were selected. First, we identified characteristics of Japanese resilience scales for elderly people. Next, we selected studies related to resilience conducted on elderly people, as well as studies on health deterioration. As a result, 121 sub-constructs were identified in 21 studies, which were categorized into the following five constructs.（1）Activation（energy, staying power, interest in novelty, control, sense of ability）；（2）Natural pose（natural behavior and optimism）；（3）Relationship-orientation（base of relationships, relationships with others, relationships with physical surroundings）；（4）Management skills（general responses and concrete responses）, and（5）Purpose in life（acceptance and understanding, reconstitution, and future perspectives）. Results indicated that Purpose in life played a key role in resilience.

  This research clarified the effects and issues of a resident-managed continual 10-year exchange activity created as a result of action research. A questionnaire survey and focus-group interviews were conducted. The questionnaire was provided to all community-dwelling elderly older than 65 years in the intervention district. Statistical analysis consisted of repeated-measures ANOVA. In the participant group, community and volunteer activities increased, and social roles suppressed the reduction. Additionally, focus-group interviews were conducted with residents involved in management activities. Analysis identified the following factors: something worthwhile and daily observation were identified as effects, and grasp of the conditions external to the exchange activity and limitations of independent management were identified as issues. The resident-managed exchange activity within local communities was effective in improving their physical and mental health, as well as engendering cooperation in the community. However, due to the continuing aging of the population, there are limits to resident-only management. There was a clear need for a system to support the resident-managed activity.

  Focusing on the urban elderly involved in volunteer activities, we examined the factors determining the difference in their attitude to continue these activities. We conducted a survey by sending self-administered questionnaires to the registrants of the “Yokohama Senior Volunteer Point Program,” a preventative nursing care program of Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture. As a result of analyzing 1,242 volunteers, we found that: (1) over 90% of them showed a attitude to continue their volunteer activities; (2) among both male and female, most of them with a positive attitude (answering “I want to continue the volunteer activities as long as my health maintains”) had significantly a higher frequency in their volunteer activities, and a higher perception that their volunteer activities raised the energy levels in their daily lives; (3) additionally, among females, most of them with a positive attitude were significantly older and had a higher level of self-rated health, lower educational backgrounds and a greater perception that their volunteer activities were appreciated by others. To achieve productive aging, it will be necessary to think about the supports which help them to continue their volunteer activities with an awareness of the different attitude towards continuing these activities.

This study aimed at exploring ways of work promotion for those aged 75 or older. The subjects were 3,532 members of the 7 Silver Human Resource Centers（SHRCs）in Saitama, who were assigned to two groups：urban，suburban．Members’ annual amount of earnings from the programs and types of work were analyzed by age group（65-69/70-74/75-79/80 or older）by analysis of variance（ANOVA）and post-hoc testing. The results showed that differ in annual amount of earnings by age（males：p=0.02，females：p=0.04）．Secondly，for females in urban group，showed a significant difference between 70-74 old and 80 or older（p=0.02）. Also，all age groups were shared indoor jobs（Cleaning，Weeding and Packing），not differ in sex and age group. Therefore，It Should not mixed age and regional differences, when thinking of working of elderly people. And, in the future, more detailed analysis of work contents is necessary.