Opencast mine is the typical mining technique to produce coal from its source in Indonesia and the large scale of disturbance occurs by employing this technique. Recently, the productive use of the disturbed land has been studied. Here, the application of a fiber crop, Paper Mulberry, to the disturbed area was investigated and analyzed by means of several laboratory and field tests. It was found that 1) hot-water treatment in 80℃ for 10 seconds is the most effective to improve the germination rate (more than 80%), 2) Paper Mulberry can grow in the rehabilitation area in Indonesian opencast mines and the seedlings-raising period in nursery can be shortened by early transplantation to the field, 3) an appropriate management of soil texture in the field can increase the growth rate of this species.

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An experiment was conducted to determine the plant preference and weeding effect of the goats (n=3) grazed in an abandoned paddy field where Solidago altissima L. was the dominant species. The relative summed dominance ratio (SDR_2') of each plant species was measured. The behaviour of the goats was observed and the grazing frequency (GF) i.e., the percentage of each plant species to the total number of plant species grazed on was calculated. The selectivity index based on Ivlev's electivity index (SI) for Solidago altissima L. was negative and greater than 0 (P<0.05), thereby indicating increased avoidance on day 5 after grazing. However, the SI for Solidago altissima L. was not significantly greater than 0, indicating less avoidance on day 32 after grazing. At the end of the grazing period (Day 62), the height of Solidago altissima L. and the herbage mass were significantly smaller in the grazing plot than in the closed plot (P<0.01). In conclusion, a weeding effect was observed due to pasturing goats in an abandoned paddy field dominated by Solidago altissima L., although the goats' preference for Solidago altissima L. was not significantly high.

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In general, fattening farms repeat the same routines daily, but some produce better quality beef than others do. This study specifically examined the behavior and ideas of these farmers and investigated details of their farm work and activities other than farming. Results show the following. Technology develops from a combination of the daily routine and irregular work. Important effects of cleaning tasks were evident as part of daily work management and litter replacement as part of irregular work management. Whether or not these tasks are emphasized can engender differences in product quality. Among the environmental factors, cattle physical management and breeding conditions strongly affect product quality. Significant factors affecting the independence of farmers include motivation for farming, voluntary acts of administering medications independently of a veterinarian, and appetite for knowledge, as evidenced by activities such as reading technical journals. These findings suggest that, in fattening farm management, higher product quality can be achieved by raising motivation for farming and by the active acquisition of technical knowledge, and by improving cattle environments through better cowsheds, breeding, and other conditions.

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