To investigate the effect of acute running exercise on gastric emptying, changes in gastric contents remaining, plasma levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, gastrin, and cholecystokinin（CCK）in response to exercises of different intensities were examined in rats. After fasting for 18 hours, the rats were divided into two running groups and a control group, and fed test meal containing 37kBq/g of indium-114m at 1g/100g body weight. Fifteen minutes after test meal feeding, each of the rat ran on a rodent treadmill at the speed of 15m/min（L：n=8）, 35m/min（H：n=8）, or stayed on the treadmill without running（C：n=8）for 30 minutes, respectively. Blood, stomach, and small intestine were sampled immediately after the end of running or staying. The plasma level of noradrenaline in H was significantly higher than that in L（p<0.01）. The plasma level of adrenaline in H was significantly higher than those in C（p<0.05）and L（p<0.01）. The plasma level of gastrin in H was significantly lower than those in C（p<0.01）and L（p<0.01）, and that in L was significantly lower than in C（p<0.05）. The plasma level of CCK in L was significantly higher than those in C（p<0.05）and H（p<0.01）. The % gastric contents remaining in H was significantly higher than those in C（p<0.01）and L（p<0.05）, and that in L was significantly higher than in C（p<0.05）. These results suggest that the low intensity exercise suppresses a function of gastric emptying by increasing plasma CCK, and that an increase in intensity of exercise enhance the suppressive effect on the function of it by increasing adrenergic nerve activity in rats.

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The objectives of this study were to examine, 1） the practicability of the program, 2） the relationship between the amount of physical exercise performed and the extent of reduction of knee pain, and 3） the minimum effective rate for the improvement of knee pain. The subjects of this study were 82 community-dwelling independent elderly people with knee joint pain who voluntarily participated in this study. Sixty-five subjects were analyzed and they took part in investigations both before and after intervention. The intervention period was three months. A seminar was held once a week for the first month and then every other week for the next two months. The seminar was 90 minutes per session, and took place eight times in 3 months. The seminar consisted of a medical check, exercise program, and a support program. The medical check was performed for blood pressure, physical condition and the state of the knee on that day by interview. The physical exercise program was composed of six basic physical exercises, four physical exercises according to the level of pain in the knee joint, and three operation training exercises which they were recommended to perform every day. Their performance was noted on a self-check shee（t physical exercise execution record sheet）. The support program was a lecture on how to deal with knee joint pain in daily life and osteoarthritis of the knee by a physical therapist. In a 10-minute individual consultation, the physical therapist adjusted the amount of exercise according to the pain level in each subject. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities（WOMAC）score was used as an index of knee joint pain. The score was graded using 300 points as full marks. It was shown that the closer the score was to full marks, the better the state of the knee. The change in knee pain during the three months was obtained by subtracting the WOMAC score before intervention from the WOMAC score after intervention（the positive result indicates improvement）. The rate of physical exercise and completion of the physical exercise record sheet were used to calculate the baseline on the physical exercise record sheet. The rate of compliance with the program, the average attendance rate at the seminar and the compliance rate at the seminar were calculated from attendance book records. The results were as follows : 1）The rate of compliance with this program was 79.3%. The average attendance rate at the seminar was 92.0 ±5.1% and the compliance rate at the seminar was 95.4%. The completion rate of the physical exercise record sheet showed basic physical exercise 91.6 ± 0.1%, the individual physical exercise 90.9 ± 0.3%, and operation training 84.3 ± 2.1%. The entire average completion rate of the physical exercise record sheet was 89.7 ± 3.2%. The physical exercise rate was basic physical exercise 77.7 ± 3.3%, individual physical exercise 70.5 ± 0.6%, and operating training 60.9 ± 6.3%. The total average physical exercise rate was 71.6 ± 7.7%. 2）Simple correlation coefficients between the total average physical exercise rate and the amount of change of the WOMAC score for three months（r = 0.343, p < 0.01）showed a significant relationship. The WOMAC score before and after intervention was 233.9 ± 38.0 points and 254.3 ± 34.9 points, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the total average physical exercise rate and the amount of change of the WOMAC score for three months（β= 0.280, p < 0.01）. In the serious knee pain group, simple correlation coefficients between the physical exercise rate and the change of the WOMAC score for three months showed a significant relationship（r = 0.450, p < 0.01）. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

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