The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS), also Federal Information Processing Standard 173, was designed to transfer the full range of spatial data (i.e. vector data, raster data of different models and structures). The SDTS approaches the difficult translation between different types of spatial data by defining a conceptual spatial data model, which consistof entities with attributes in real world and spatial objects in digital representation. These spatial objects are represented as modules that identify the contents of the spatial data base. It is significant to learn the details of the SDTS concepts.

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More and more attentions have been paided to the quality of spatial data, but still there is no such functions in conventional GIS packages. Geographic attribute errors have been discussed in several studies with the extension of reraltional data model, in which the spatiality of geographic informatin is irgnored. This paper tries to develop a new data model for uncertain spatial objects. Various uncertainties are classified into two dimensions - position and attibute which are represented by spatial membership functions in fuzzy topology space. Based on this representation, LOU data model is proposed in which topological relationships of fuzzy objects are created in Layer level, attributes are recorded in Object level and fuzziness of objects are refered to Unit level. Methods of spatial analyses like map overlay by LOU model are also discussed.

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One of the most important and novel issues of users' generating interactive maps from geographic databases is the adaptive control of the amount of visual components comprising the maps with compromises between users' requirements and limitations of display devices. If users adjust the amount by hand through database query languages, the processes must be very tedious.
This paper proposes an environment of supporting users' generating maps from the point of view of new style methods of generalization for raw objects (data) retrieved from geographic databases. The environment provides automatic functions of releasing users' requirements according to limitations of display devices. Also, it aids users to decide characteristic parameters of the maps with some new concepts of measuring states of a map, such as the saturation of it, the inconsistent context of it, and ranks of visualization methods for retrieved raw objects.

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The road network analysis is one of important themes of geographic information processing and has been studied profoundly. In respect of large scaled road networks, i.e. the ones including alleys where cats roam, however, studies have just begun. It is halfly due to lack of structurized data of such large scaled networks. Recently digital geographic data have been produced and commerced for multi users. But in almost all the cases, road data are made as road margins, not as structurized networks. This study develops a method to transform such margins into networks and shows its feasibility with regard to "Numeric Map 10, 000" by GEO-GRAPHICAL SURVEY.

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In this paper, the GIS for traffic accident analysis is made to provide several advantages, such as viewing the distribution of accidents at different situations effectively and considering in detail the accident locations through data segmentation. In the process of building the system, three databases (all roads, trunk roads and local roads) are created for the analysis, and using these, many factors causing accidents are found out effectively.
In making statistical traffic accident models, the use of the Poisson regression model that considers rare phenomena is the best method in evaluating the factors in traffic accident analysis.

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The amusement space around stations in central cities forms the urban environment of high level of amenity by becoming "the third space" that people enjoy at leisure hours.
Making point of the space around Omiya Station that are now highly used as the cities of industrial business, we use a method of three-dimensional mesh map. Then, cathching space use on floor of buildings around this station through cubic and visual sensation, We grasp the function of amusement sapce. From all examination. We research how it exists as "the third space".

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Recent year, the aspect of the outer space around stations has been changing, because buildings that occupy a great deal of space have been constructed. While, as for the inner space of building, some users are made to exist each other on purpose as "the compound building of many functions".
By basing the monogragh "Research and valuation on space use on each floor of building with a method of three-dimensional mesh map" which was presented at GISA last year, we compare the data of space use around Kawaguchi station of twenty years before to the result of fact-finding inquiry of now. And then grasping the fact that the space use on each floor of buildings has changed according to the structual change of casting industry, at least, we research why that has happend.

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The problem regarding townscape has come to occupy an important position to make the originality in a district. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an evaluation of district-scape with computer graphics.
This paper includes three contains; One is to select characteristic of district-scape with SD method. The second is to compare the district-scape photograph with the same scene by using the 3D-computer graphics. The third is to examine the good pattern of district-scape.

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In recent years, studies of geographic information systems (GIS) is made rapid progress. Practical use cases of GIS is found in some municipal offices. Then we developed indicators of land use mixture by using GIS data. Characteristics of land use has been evaluated by various methods. Most of them are calcurated by numerical data, such as floor areas by building use, areas by land use and the like. But we can't understand spatial distributions of land use mixture by these values. Then we propose indicators of land use mixture to evaluate spatial distributions by using GIS data related to polygons of plottages. These methods are applications of the JOIN concept which can evaluate spatial distributions of land use by using grid data. We also validated effectiveness of these indicators by applying to a study area in Kobe city.

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As urban local governments resort to GIS/LIS to perform their administrative functions, more data are becoming available for micro-level empirical analysis of land use, land use change and their relationships with intrinsic attributes, including geometric ones, of the basic unit of land use-the lot. Examples of attributes are size, shape, compactness and width of adjacent roads. Data on lots in a section of the predominantly residential Setagaya ward of Tokyo is analyzed to investigate such relationships. ?? Also, the attributes of the blocks are investigated in relation to the land use of the lots.

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Facility location and area-marketing analysis by Geographical Information System(GIS) frequently require distance from facility to user and aggregated user population in areas of concem. This is usually based on estimating the user distribution from the aggregated population data for each area consisting of unit areas which is assumed that the user distributes evenly. However, for the spread of much more detailed geographical data available for certain urban areas, we do not estimate only the user distribution incorporating aggregated data approximately but also estimate it as points data of individual buildings in the area. In this paper we confirm the effectiveness of this latest approach by comparing its result to that produced by the convertional method of data aggregation.

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In order to evaluate locational factors of retail stores, nearest neighbour distance (=NND) method is used in network analysis, in which (1) all physical facilities in the real world are confined by their locations on a road network and (2) distances are defined by the shortest distance measured along that road network. Using a GIS system, Network NND method is applied to a practical problem to examine to what extent the infrastructural facilities influence on the distribution of retail stores in Nishinomiya city. The main results are : (1) all kinds of retail store locate near railroad stations and (2) boutiques especially tend to locate near stations, while car dealers, gas stands, and daily food stores locate relatively far from stations.

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This paper proposes a new method for analyzing the locational avoidance of store chains by using a Geographical Information System. First a spatial competition between stores is defined by examining the adjacency of their market areas. Second a statistical method for testing the avoidance of store chains is presented. Third this method is applied to convenience store chains in several areas around Tokyo. Some empirical findings are shown.

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Urban utility companies, to be able to manage, maintain and optimize their increasingly complex facilities, have had an urgent need for computer mapping. The Tokyo GasCompany began research and development of its mapping system for the purpose of managing its gas pipeline facilities in 1977, and completed it in 1982. Based upon the experience of GIS data base construction of the large volume, This paper describes the research of the characteristics of data structure of underground utilities and proposes a new idea of data base structure for the management of underground utilities.
This paper also proposes and estimates a new update method of GIS data base and concludes that the total update time of GIS data base by the new method is one half of the existing method.

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This study aims to evaluate the accessibility to the natural environments of residential environment evaluation in Utsunomiya City. For the purpose, the evaluation functions which use multiple regression analy-sis with residents'evacuation of accessibility as the criterion variable and the traveling time to the destinations as explanatory variables were developed using GIS.As the result, compared with the case which the air distance was used as explanatory variables, the coefficient of determination becomes more than two times. And this result shows that traveling time is an effective factor and GIS is useful tool for this kinds of study.

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Zoning strategy has been widely used for planning and decision making in land uses for more than a decade. However, most of the zoning plan that existed until today and still in used for development control purposes has been prepared before the era of the applications of GIS and multicriteria analysis technique. Therefore, this conventional zoning plan is less effective and inefficient to assist and guide contemporary types of development. The quality and effectiveness of zoning plan can be substantially improved if updated systems and modeling techniques are appropriately used. The aim of this paper is to show how the application of GIS and multicriteria analysis can upgrade the efficiency of the existing zoning plan in the southern Aso National Park with particular reference to a case of recreation zoning. The establishings of criteria for recreation, data requirements, the application of multicriteria modeling with particular reference to the AHP technique and GIS overlay processing are discussed in this paper. The final section of this paper illustrated maps result showing recreation suitability areas for preservation, conservation and facilityls values.

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Fukuoka Geographic Environmental Information System (GIS) is a powerful support tool for environmental preservation administration. Using an Engineering Work Station platform, this GIS displays overlayed images of vector, raster and mesh data with associated attributes data(numerical, textual and image data). This GIS's function is one of database, maintenance, networking and remote-sensing analysis. We present an instance of GIS system development and consider the suitability of GIS for a local Self-governing body.

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During the past ten years GIS in China has been made a great achievement under the powerful support of central government. There are two key laboratories for GIS, RS and GPS researches: LREIS at the Institute of Geography, the Chinese Academy of Science and LIESMARS at Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping. China GIS standards have been studied and some of them are formally in use. National Resources and Land Databases at 1/4, 000, 000 or 1/1, 000, 000 have been developed. GISs have also been successfully applied for damage predictions and recover planning making from flood disasters, environmental change analyses, ecological planning of river delta areas or basins as well as global environmental researches. Fundamental researches on theories and technology are widely carried out such as on vectorizing of scanning data automatically, object-oriented data models, integration of GIS with RS and so on.

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