Objectives: The purpose of this study was to confirm the association of the status of implementation of nonsmoking at eating and drinking establishments with the prevalence of persons with subjective symptoms, the prevalence of persons with diseases under treatment, medical expenses, and mortality rate using prefectural data.

Methods: The prefectural rate of eating and drinking establishments implementing nonsmoking (hereafter, nonsmoking rate) was calculated using the data from “Tabelog^®”. The variables of interest were the prevalence of persons with subjective symptoms, the prevalence of persons with diseases under treatment, medical expenses (total, hospitalization and nonhospitalization expenses), and the mortality rates of malignant neoplasms (lung cancer, stomach cancer, and colon cancer), heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, cerebral infarction, and pneumonia in each prefecture. The partial correlation coefficient was estimated between the nonsmoking rate and the variable of interest using the smoking rate by prefectural as the control variable.

Results: The nonsmoking rate showed a significantly negative correlation with the medical expenses. When eating and drinking establishments were divided into “restaurant”, “café”, and “bar”, the nonsmoking rate also indicated a significantly negative correlation with the medical expenses in any category. It was negatively related to the mortality rates of cerebrovascular disease, cerebral infarction, and pneumonia. The negative correlation was stronger in females than in males.

Conclusions: These results suggest that the implementation of nonsmoking at eating and drinking establishments may reduce the mortality rates of diseases, such as cerebrovascular disease, cerebral infarction, and pneumonia, and medical expenses. Thus, it is important to implement nonsmoking at eating and drinking establishments in line with the Revised Health Promotion Act.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to clarify the transition to the implementation of smoking prohibition at eating and drinking establishments one year before and after April 2020, the time when they became “nonsmoking” in principle following the implementation of the amendment bill for the Health Promotion Act of Japan.

Methods: The total number of nonsmoking/smoking eating and drinking establishments by industry were obtained using the data from “Tabelog^®.” The number of people who tested positive for COVID-19 by the polymerase chain reaction test on the day of the survey nationwide and the bankruptcy status of the companies (eating and drinking establishments, etc.) for each month were ascertained.

Results: In 2020, a state of emergency was declared owing to the increase in the number of people positive for COVID-19, and many eating and drinking establishments went bankrupt. Despite these circumstances, the number of nonsmoking eating and drinking establishments exceeded that of smoking establishments in March 2020 and continued to increase thereafter. Additionally, the number of nonsmoking “restaurants” increased and exceeded that of smoking restaurants in June 2020. The number of nonsmoking “cafes” already exceeded that of smoking “cafes” at the beginning of this survey and continued to increase. The number of nonsmoking “bars” increased, but that of smoking “bars” remained high.

Conclusion: It is necessary to promote measures against passive smoking while paying attention to the trends for different types of eating and drinking establishments, rather than considering all establishments together.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship of the annual transition of implementation of nonsmoking at eating and drinking establishments with indices of population/household and economy/labor by prefecture.

Methods: The prefectural rates of eating and drinking establishments implementing nonsmoking (hereafter, nonsmoking rate) were computed in a year using the data from “Tabelog^®”. Forty-seven prefectures were classified by hierarchical cluster analysis into “prefecture clusters” 1 to 5 in descending order of the median of nonsmoking rates. The indices of population/household (e.g., percentage of the population aged 65 years and over and percentage of nuclear family household) and economy/labor (e.g., prefectural income per capita and percentage of construction and mining workers) were classified by hierarchical cluster analysis into 11 “index clusters”, and the representative index in each index cluster was extracted from the results of the Jonckheere-Terpstra test. An ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed using the numbers 1 to 5 of prefecture clusters as dependent variables and the indices representing the index clusters as independent variables.

Results: The percentage of the population aged 65 years and over and the percentage of construction and mining workers were positively related to the order of prefectural clusters.

Conclusions: To promote implementation of nonsmoking in eating and drinking establishments in prefectures especially in those with larger numbers of elderly people and construction and mining workers, it is important to inform the persons in charge that implementation of nonsmoking does not affect the number of customers.

食事において，器は料理を引き立たせるのに重要な役割を果たす．しかし，料理に企図した印象を付与するために器を選ぶ場合，色や形状，材質，料理や他の器との組み合わせなど様々な観点を考慮して器を選択することは，料理や器の知識を持たない人にとって容易ではない．この問題を解決するため，本研究では，画像特徴を元に器の類似度算出を行うことで，印象が付与されていない器に対して，類似した器画像に付与されている印象を引き継ぐことを試みる．これまでに

目的　2020年4月に改正健康増進法と東京都受動喫煙防止条例が施行された。現行の法律や条例では，喫煙専用室や飲食可能な加熱式たばこ喫煙専用室を認めている他，客席面積や従業員の有無で規制の対象外となる，客席での喫煙が引き続き可能な飲食店（既存特定飲食提供施設）が存在するため，飲食店の禁煙化に地域差が生じる懸念がある。また日本では，路上喫煙防止条例がすでに多くの自治体で施行されているため，店舗外での喫煙が困難となり，店内の禁煙化が妨げられる可能性がある。本研究では，既存特定飲食提供施設を対象として，法律や条例施行前の飲食店の屋内客席喫煙ルールと施行後のルール変更に関する意向を把握し，法律や条例制定による屋内客席喫煙ルールへの影響を地域ごとに検討することとした。

方法　東京都，大阪府，青森県の20市区町村で営業している飲食店6,000店舗に対し，2020年2～3月に自記式質問紙調査を実施した。調査項目は，法律や条例の施行前および施行後に変更予定の屋内客席喫煙ルール，業種，客席面積，従業員の有無，客層や客数，禁煙化に関する不安，国や行政に期待する内容とした。解析は，屋内客席喫煙ルールを「全面禁煙」「分煙」「喫煙可」に分け，変化の推移を割合で算出した。解析対象は既存特定飲食提供施設とした。

結果　回答は879店舗より得られ，既存特定飲食提供施設は603店舗であった。分煙・喫煙可能から禁煙化にする予定の店舗は，東京都で5.2％（3/58），大阪府で23.1％（31/134），青森県で17.2％（57/326）であった。現在すでに全面禁煙であり，法律や条例施行後も変更予定がない店舗を加えると，法律や条例施行後に全面禁煙となる予定の店舗は，東京都で46.6％（55/118），大阪府で49.6％（113/228），青森県で48.6％（125/257）であった。

結論　既存特定飲食提供施設において，分煙・喫煙可能から禁煙化にする予定の店舗は17.6％（91/518）であった。禁煙化に踏み切らない背景として，顧客数や売り上げ減少への不安，喫煙者からのクレームなどの懸念が考えられるため，禁煙化による営業収入の変化についての知見の蓄積を行うとともに，店内を禁煙にした場合の喫煙者への対応や，公衆喫煙所などの環境整備が禁煙化の促進に必要と考える。