Juglorubin (1) was isolated from
Streptomyces sp. 815 and GW4184 in 1993 (Figure 1).
This compound has an unusual 6/6/5/9/6-fused pentacyclic ring system containing a
cyclopentadienyl anion and a 9-membered lactone. Juglorubin might be biogenetically
synthesized from juglomycin C (2)
via juglocombins A/B (3/4), because they were isolated
from the same
Streptomyces strains (Scheme 1). The key steps in the proposed biosynthesis involve the dimerization reaction of juglomycin C (2) to establish the 6/6/5/6/6-fused pentacyclic flamework of juglocombins A/B (3/4), and the skeletal transformation from
juglocombins A/B to juglorubin through the C–C bond cleavage reaction. Herein, the first
total synthesis of juglorubin (1) by a strategy inspired by the proposed biosynthesis is
reported.
Juglocombins A/B (3/4), the hypothetical biosynthetic precursors, were successfully
synthesized using a bioinspired dimerization of juglomycin C derivative (7) and a
photoinduced reduction of epoxide in resultant dimer 6 as key reactions. The desired skeletal
transformation proceeded by treatment of 3/4 with MS3A and NaCl in MeCN under an
oxygen atmosphere to afford juglorubin in 26% yield. Furthermore, the reaction
intermediate 16 was obtained in 78% yield by the use of NaOAc as a weak base.
Juglorubin dimethyl ester (1') and 1-
O-acetyljuglorubin dimethyl ester (17) were also
prepared from juglocombins A/B dimethyl ester (3'/4'). Broad absorption bands in the
region of 200-600 nm were observed in the UV-vis spectrum of 1'. Broad emission bands
spanning from the visible to the near-infrared region (550-900 nm) were detected in the
fluorescent spectrum of 1'. The maximum emission wavelength (λ
em. max) of 1' was 630 nm. The absolute quantum yield (φ) of 1' in acetonitrile was 5.3%.
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