Two sets of bellows are located on the same axis in an enclosure which is opened by an exhaust vent to the atmosphere. A nozzle is put on a movable end of one of the sets of bellows (feedback bellows) and faces the movable closed end of the other set (input bellows). The inside of the feedback bellows is connected to a supply chamber, of which the pressure is regulated to a constant value, through an orifice provided in the fixed end of the feedback bellows. The pneumatic circuit which is composed of the nozzle, the orifice and the feedback bellows is so arranged to have bistable transfer characteristics. Another path with a restrictor connects the supply chamber with the inside of the enclosure. The chamber in the feedback bellows is also connected to another set of bellows through an adjustable restrictor built in the fixed end of the bellows, The third bellow is also set in the enclosure and its closed movable end is used to control the flow out area of the exhaust vent.
When a trigger pulse is applied to the input bellows, the nozzle contacts its counterface and the output pressure (in the feedback bellows) jumps from a low level to a high level equal to the supply pressure. Then, the pressure of the third bellows increases gradually with a speed given by the resistance of the adjustable restrictor and the capacity of the bellows. This pressure increase makes the pressure in the enclosure high, because of the resistance increase of the vent. When the pressure in the enclosure reaches a constant level, the nozzle separates abruptly from its counterface by the compressive action of the two sets of bellows and the output pressure falls down to the low level.

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This paper concerns with a new moving part fluid-logic device based on a pneumatic amplifier with a positive feedback system.
A nozzle is built in an enclosed chamber and counter-faces the movable closed end of a set of bellows placed in the chamber. Air is fed from a constant pressure source into the enclosed chamber through the nozzle and flows out to the atmosphere through a vent orifice provided on the chamber wall. The orifice, the nozzle and the closed end form a pneumatic amplifier circuit with positive feedback caused by the bellows action and the circuit is so arranged to have bi-stable transfer characteristics. Pulsating pressure is introduced in the bellows and the pressure in the enclosed chamber maintains either a high pressure level nearly equal to the supply pressure or a low pressure level equal to the atmospheric pressure. By adjusting the gap between the nozzle and the closed end of the bellows initially, the device can be employed as an inverter with Schmitt-trigger and a bi-stable flip-flop.

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Described in this paper, is a pneumatic control device, which can perform similar operation to that of the silicon controlled rectifier in electronics. Two sets of bellows are located on the same axis in an enclosure which is opened to the atmosphere by an exhaust vent, and they devide the enclosure into three chambers. A nozzle opens at the movable end of one of the sets of bellows and faces the movable closed end of the other set. The back pressure chamber of the nozzle is connected to a pressure supply chamber through an orifice at the fixed end of the bellows mentioned first, and the back pressure serves as the output of the device. The nozzle, the movable closed end, the orifice and the bellows constitute an pneumatic micrometer circuit with positive feedback system. The pneumatic circuit is so arranged as to have bi-stable transfer characteristics over a wide range of supply pressure.
An alternating pressure is introduced to the supply chamber as the exciting signal to the device, and a pressure pulse synchronized with it is put in the bellows with the closed end as the control signal. In the absence of the control signal or during the period when the alternating signal is negative, the output pressure maintains a low level. If the control signal is put in during the period when the alternating pressure is positive, the output pressure steps up from the level to a high pressure level which is equal to the supply pressure. Removal of the control signal fails to turn the output pressure off, and the output maintains the high pressure level until the supply pressure falls down to zero. By controlling the timing of the control signal to the alternating pressure, the rectified and phase controlled pressure signal to the alternating pressure can be obtained as the output of the device.

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A pneumatic gripping device is described in this paper. Two sets of bellows which have the same construction are aligned. A nozzle is put on a movable end of each of the sets of bellows and the nozzles counter-face each other at a distance. The insides of the sets of bellows are interconnected and also connected to a supply chamber regulated at a constant pressure through an orifice. Air from the supply chamber flows into the sets of bellows passing through the orifice and flows out to the atmosphere through both of the nozzles.
When an object is inserted in the space between the nozzles, the gaps between the nozzles and their counter-faces decrease and the pressure of the sets of bellows increases. The pressure increase makes the gaps more and more small, due to the elongation of the bellows. Owing to such regenerative action of the bellows to the pneumatic circuit, the nozzles contact their counter-faces and maintain to grip the object with a pressing force proportional to the supply pressure.

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Described in this paper, is a Schmitt trigger device based on a pneumatic amplifier with a positive feedback system. Two sets of bellows are located on the same axis in en enclosure and divide the enclosure into three chambers. A nozzle opens at the movable end of one of the sets of bellows and faces the movable closed end of the other set. The nozzle is pneumatically connected to a constant pressure source through a stationary orifice at the fixed end of the bellows mentioned first, and the enclosure opens by an exhaust vent to the atmosphere. The orifice, the nozzle and the closed end form a pneumatic amplifier, which is arranged to have bi-stable transfer characteristics. Input pressure is introduced in the set of bellows having the movable closed end, and the back pressure of the nozzle is used as the output of the device.
When the input pressure reaches up a threshold in the increasing period of the pressure, the nozzle contacts the movable closed end abruptly by the regenerative feedback action of the sets of bellows and the output pressure jumps to the same pressure level as the source. When the input pressure reaches down another threshold in its decreasing period, the nozzle leaves suddenly the closed end by a similar feedback action and the output pressure falls down from the source pressure level into a low pressure level.
Experiments were conducted with an apparatus made on trial. Discussions are given on how the operating conditions, such as the transfer gain of the sets of bellows, the source pressure, the arrangement of the moving parts and fluid resistance of the vent, are related to the threshold pressures.

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サブプライムローン危機以降，各国で空売り規制が一時的に強化された．本稿は，

投資家，情報劣位の投資家，及び，情報優位の合理的投資家が併存する経済環境における各個人の消費配分を閉形式解で特徴付け，一時的な空売り規制の導入について分析する．得られる結論として，このような経済環境でば情報劣位者から情報優位者への富の移転，及び，投資家から情報優位者及び情報劣位者への富の移転が生じる．適切なタイミングでの一時的な空売り規制の導入は，このような情報格差及び投資スタイルに基づいた富の移転を排除すること，また，株価の情報効率性こそ低下するものの，価格の安定化に貢献することを示す．

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Described in this paper, is a multivibrator, which can generate a continuous train of pneumatic square wave.
Two diaphragms are located in an enclosure which opens by an exhaust vent to the atmosphere. The centre of one of the diapharagms (feedback diaphragm) is a nozzle and faces the centre surface of the other (control diaphragm). The inside chamber of the feedback diaphragm is connected to the air supply chamber through an orifice provided in the fixed part of the diaphragm. The fluidic circuit which is composed of the nozzle, the orifice and the feedback diaphragm is so arranged to have bi-stable characteristics. A restrictor connects the supply chamber to the inside of the enclosure, and the feedback diaphragm chamber is also connected to the 3rd diaphragm chamber through an adjustable restrictor. A flate plane fixed on the 3rd diaphragm controls the flow-out area of the exhaust vent. Output wave is generated as follows.
First, when the supply pressure is introduced in the device, the nozzle contacts its counterface and the output pressure maintains a high level equal to the supply pressure. Then, the 3rd diaphragm pressure increases with a speed given by the resistance of the adjustable restrictor and the capacity in the 3rd diaphragm chamber. The enclosure pressure increases following to the increase of the vent resistance caused by the pressure change in the 3rd diaphragm chamber. When the enclosure pressure reaches a constant level, the nozzle separates abruptly from its counterface and the output pressure falls down to a low level. Then, the 3rd diaphragm pressure turns to decrease, and the enclosure pressure decreases following to the decrease of the vent resistance. When the enclosure pressure reaches to a low level, the nozzle contacts its counterface and the output pressure increases to the high level. The repeat of above process produces the pneumatic pulse train.

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医療安全対策委員会のIAレポート（incident accident report）の集計分析と検査技術科の年度安全目標からの業務改善の取り組み，ポジティブレポート（positive report）を紹介する。検査技術科での3年間のIAレポートと，病棟・外来・透析室での2年間の検査に係るIAレポートを集計分析した。科内ではIAレポートの問題点を情報共有し，業務改善に導くことができた。他部署での検査に係わる報告からは，臨床検査技師が病棟・外来・透析室で，検査の指示受け・採血管の準備・採血業務・検査説明などを行うことが，IAを未然に防ぐ可能性が示唆された。年度安全目標は業務改善の達成度を自己評価し，次年度の課題を見いだせた。ポジティブレポートはIAレポートの増加と安全に関わる他部署との連携につながる良いシステムと思われる。医療安全の継続と発展のためには，IAレポートを報告しやすい環境作り，自部署・他部署を問わず情報共有と状況改善の協同，レポートの集計分析から課題を導き，他部署（病棟・外来・透析室）とともに業務改善につなげることが重要である。

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Described in this paper, is a pneumatic logic device which functions as an exclusive-OR gate. Two same size of bellows are connected in series with a plate which closes movable ends of the bellows. A side plane of the plate has a rectangular shape, on which a groove is made longitudinally. The outlet of a rectangular nozzle faces the side plane at a small distance.
Fluid is supplied from a constant pressure source to the nozzle through an ejector-type throttle and it flows out to the atmosphere through the gap between the nozzle and its counter face. Inupt pressure signals are introduced in the bellows, and the pressure in the back-space of the ejector throttle is employed as the output of the device. When pressure in both of the bellows are equal, the outlet of the nozzle faces to the groove, and the pressure of the output chamber maintains low level due to the low fluidic resistance at the nozzle outlet. When a high level pressure is put into one side of the bellows and low level pressure is introduced in the other side, the plate displaces so as to cover the outlet of the nozzle with the side plane, and the output pressure maintains high level.

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タクシー・スポット市場における市場取引では, 金銭的外部性の存在により客やタクシーの到着率の増加が他方の到着率の増加をもたらすというが生じる. 一方でサービスを実際に利用するためには客が市場まで移動する必要があり, この移動費用の存在がを抑制するメカニズムとして機能する. 本研究では, 都心部における複数のスポット市場間の競争関係を, 市場厚の外部経済性による集中化のメカニズムと移動費用の存在に伴う分散化のメカニズムを考慮した市場均衡モデルとして定式化する. さらに空間均衡が複数存在することを示すとともに, 各均衡解の社会的効率性について分析を行う.

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Described in this paper, is a switching device based on a pneumatic amplifier with a positive feedback system. Two sets of bellows are located on the same axis in an enclosure, and divide it into three chambers. A nozzle is put on a movable end of one of the sets of bellows and faces the movable closed end of the other. The nozzle is pneumatically connected to a constant pressure source through an orifice provided in the fixed end of the former bellows, and its back pressure is used as the output of the device. The positive pulsating pressure introduced in the latter bellows serves as the input signal for setting the device and keeps the output pressure at a high level by the positive feedback action of the former bellows. The pressure within the enclosure serves as the input signal for resetting the device and causes the output pressure to fall off by compressing the both sets of bellows. Negative pulsating pressure can be also applicable as the input signals, where the pressure within the enclosure serves as the set signal and the pressure in the latter bellows as the reset signal. Experiments were conducted with an apparatus made on trial. The conditions of setting or resetting the device and the dynamical behavior were discussed using the results.

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This paper is concerned with a new moving parts pneumatic NAND gate based on a nozzle flapper system with a positive feedback mechanism.
Two nozzles are built in an enclosed chamber and each of them counterfaces one of the movable closed ends of two sets of bellows placed in the chamber. Air is fed from a constant pressure source into the enclosed chamber through the nozzles and then flows out to the atmosphere through an orifice provided on the chamber wall. Input pressures are introduced in the sets of bellows and the pressure in the chamber serves as output of the device. The pneumatic circuit which is constructed of the nozzles, the orifice and the sets of bellows is arranged to have bi-stable transfer characteristics, which is caused by a positive feedback action of the bellows. When either or both of the input pressures are low, the output pressure maintains high pressure level nearly equal to the supply pressure, since the fluid resistance between the chamber and the supply source is low. When the pressure in both of the sets of bellows reaches a high level, both of the movable closed ends contact the nozzles and the output pressure falls down to the atmospheric pressure due to shutting off the air flow through the nozzles. Transitions of the output pressure between the two levels can be sharply performed with the positive feedback action.

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要　旨 目的：眼科外来看護職員の意識と働きがいの向上に効果的な方法を検討する。 方法：眼科外来看護職員17名（平均年齢48.6歳）を対象にアンケートを実施した。1）眼科外来看護に関する項目　2）「働きがいの構成要素と影響要因」を用いて，各自が働きがいに影響すると考える上位3項目を点数化し，年齢や経験年数との関連を検討した。更に中央値47歳以上（A群），47歳未満（B群）にわけて比較した。 結果：年齢や経験年数の上昇に伴い，眼科外来業務に対して肯定的なものが上昇した。（年齢：ρ＝0.49，P＜0.05，経験年数：ρ＝0.64，P＜0.006）働きがいの構成要素では、A群は『業務上の経験』，B群では『職場環境』が最も高く働きがいに影響していた。 考察：働きがいの捉え方は年齢や経験によって異なることがわかった。各職員がその時点で重要視している働きがいの要因を認識して関わり積極的に支援することで，仕事に対する肯定感が向上し，働きがいが高まる可能性がある。

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生物の発生時には未分化な毛細血管網から動脈、分化した毛細血管、静脈が生成される様子が見られる。本研究では、コストをエネルギー散逸と血液の体積の和とし、コストを自発的に小さくし、かつ、

効果を入れたモデルを用いることで、未分化な毛細血管網から動脈が自己組織化される様子を再現することを目指した。分岐の仕方の観点から、シミュレーションで得られた動脈網と実験で得られた網膜の動脈網を比較した。

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This paper is concerned with the transfer characteristics of a pneumatic micrometer system with a positive feedback transducer. The system has two feedback paths. One of them is based on the transfer characteristics of the feedback transducer which is introduced to increase the transfer gain of the system, and the other is due to a repulsive pressure force inevitably brought about between the gauging nozzle and its counterface when the feedback transducer is added to the system. The static transfer characteristics are shown as the sum of the transfer characteristic of the above two feedback circuits and that of the basic pneumatic micrometer. Dynamically, the system is characterized as a first order system whose transfer gain and time constant vary as a function of the operating pressure.
Two kinds of applications can be considered for the system; 1) under the condition β<1/K_s^*|p_m, a high sensitive pneumatic comparator with an appropriate gain and response corresponding to the feedback gain can be constructed, 2) by designing the circuit so that β>1/K_s^*|p_m is held over an appreciable wide range of the operating pressure, pneumatic switching devices can be obtained, where K_s^* is the transfer gain of the pneumatic micrometer circuit without feedback and p_m is the operating pressure at which K_s^* attains its maximum value.

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本研究の目的は，グループ学習型アクティブラーニング授業の学習支援活動に携わるTAの支援活動の特徴を明らかにすることである．そのために，大学院生1名，大学生4名を対象とし半構造化インタビューを行いM-GTAにより分析した．その結果，本研究の対象となった研究協力者は，TAの学習観や成長，先輩後輩TAから得た学びを【支援活動の源泉】とし，進捗確認，

，リフレクションの支援，目標のストレッチを組み合わせた【受講生への学びの促進活動】と【教員との創発的分業】を行っていた．

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Described in this paper, is a pneumatic grasping device which performs a similar catching operation to insectivorous plants.
Two sets of double bellows, which have the same construction, are aligned. A nozzle is attached to each centre of movable ends of both sets of bellows, and one of the movable ends faces to the other at a distance. Inside chambers of the double bellows are pneumatically interconnected, and air is fed from a constant low pressure source into the chambers and it flows out to the atmosphere from the nozzles. Outside chambers of the double bellows are enclosed and interconnected. A sensing head of a nozzle-flapper system faces to a moving part of a bellows chamber which is connected to the inside chambers of the double bellows, and the output port of the nozzle-flapper system is connected to the outside chambers of the double bellows.
When an object is inserted in the space between the movable ends, the pressure in the inside chambers increases corresponding to the total length of gaps between the nozzles and their counter-faces. The pressure increase causes high pressure change in the outside chamber by the nozzle-flapper system, and the pressure change makes the gaps more and more small, due to the elongation of the double bellows. Owing to such regenerative action of the pneumatic circuit, the movable ends contact the faces of the object quickly and maintain to grasp the object with a force proportional to the supply pressure of the nozzle-flapper system.

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