これまでの

　これまでの

本研究では過去30年間に蓄積されてきた

本論文の目的は，

Researchers seem to agree unanimously on the unreliability of official statistics on futoko children (school refusers), making it difficult to uncover the social factors behind the phenomenon. Though many researchers have questioned whether the official statistics can explain the reality of futoko, there has been no verification of the reliability and validity of the statistics. The aim of this study is to examine this issue and formulate an alternative plan for statistics.

To achieve this aim, the author used the “School Basic Survey” from 1966 to 2006 and examined futoko rates within the “Long absentee” data from 47 prefectures, which is divided into subclasses by the following reasons: “Illness,” “Economic reason,” “Futoko” and “Others.” The actual differences between areas were then analyzed using a five-number summary.

As a result, the two following facts were clarified. Firstly, it is impossible to compare the data on “Futoko,” “Illness” and “Others” between prefectures because of differences in the investigation methods. From the beginning, the classification standards differ from prefecture to prefecture, and this leads to local differences. Secondly, the method for sorting data was changed in 1998, comparisons across time periods invalid.

In conclusion, the author recommends using data on “Long absentees” as a measure for the futoko phenomenon because the official statistics on futoko have already lost validity. Statistics on long absentees are much better than those on futoko to show the reality of the phenomenon.

Finally, the author discusses both the advantages and disadvantages of using data on “Long absentees,” confirms the existence of differences among regions at the prefectural level for long absentees, and considers future prospects and tasks.

The purpose of this study is to examine factors which support the school attendance continuation of students who have previously experienced school non-attendance, and to reveal its problems, by looking at the example of school attendance support in post-compulsory schools which positively accept people who have experienced school non-attendance.

Recently, post-compulsory schools or educational institutions which positively accept people who have experienced school non-attendance have increased. These schools or educational institutions have the potential to solve the problems of career formation of people who have experienced school non-attendance. However, there has been no focus on that what kind of support is necessary for students to continue school attendance, and what the problems are.

Interviews and participatory observation carried out by the author at a certain Challenge School and a koto sensyu gakko (Upper Secondary Specialized Training School) resulted in the following four points. Firstly, the change in personal relationships from the school the student attended previously greatly contributes to the school attendance continuation of students who have previously experienced school non-attendance. Secondly, direct and indirect support given by teachers, and student groups in which “pain” is shared supported school attendance continuation by students. Thirdly, good relations between teachers and students prevent school characteristics such as life guidance and activities in the class group from causing school non-attendance.

Fourthly, however, these schools have a problem concerning the career formation of the students. There are cases in which graduates of these schools tend to leave the next school or workplace because of the non-existence of the people who have supported them when they felt uneasy. It will be the task of school non-attendance support to assist people who tend to have uneasiness and demand support from personal relationships to form their career through a “gentle shift” from post-compulsory schools or educational institutions to further schools and workplaces after graduation. In other words, to create an environment of work and education that can lead to self-realization.

　本稿の目的は，ボンド理論に基づく