The number of public servants in Japan is estimated to be about 3 and half millions today. As the whole number of employees in Japan is about 30 millions, this number means that nearly 12 per cent of Japanese employees are under national and local governments. The increasement of the number of public servants is due to the developement of the economic and industrial activities of the State, and is not a peculiar phenomenon in Japan but world wide one after the World War II. But the public service system in Japan is different to those in other countries. Before the War, the legal principles of Japanese public service system were theoretically based upon the 'Beamte' system of Germany and it composed the core of the bureaucracy of Japan. After the War, the Government of U. S. A., as an occupational force, introduced its own public service system to Japan in 1947. This system was called as a scientific and 'rational' public service system intended to secure the cheap and effective public service to the whole community and established the job classification system as its technical and theoretical stay for personnel management. In Japan it melted with the traditional 'Beamte' system, and created peculiar one in practice. Its main object was changed in 1948 to depriving the right to strike of public servants, who were organized to the biggest trade unions in Japan. Since then, the trade union movements of public servants developed “Recovery of the deprived trade union rights” movement, and made the Government to ratify the International Labour Convention No. 87 (Freedom of Association and Right to Organize Convention, 1948) in 1965. Against this movement, the Government amended both the national public service law and local public service law (1965), to contorol public servants under new legal system. This system is characteristic of new and 'rational' personal management; maintaining the ban on the right to strike, restricting more the rights to collective bargain and trade union activities, and strengthening the personnel management organizations. The author analyses, such aspects of the developement of public service policy in Japan; its reality, legal framewark, and laws in practice, including the case law, which developed through conflicts between the policy and the public servants' trade union movements.
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