本稿では，日本語における

認識の副詞的成分の特徴を考察した。考察の結果，認識の副詞的成分は先行研究の指摘のように，が動作の実現中に持った感情・感覚を表すものであるということのほか，次の三つの特徴を持っていることが明らかになった。1）認識の副詞的成分は動詞の表す語彙的意味の層で機能するものである，2）認識の副詞的成分の表す感情・感覚はの制御可能な動作によって生起するもののため，動作の結果でもある，3）認識の副詞的成分の表す感情・感覚はある程度制御可能なものである，ということである。

　また，本稿ではコーパスにおける使用実態も調査したが，〈快〉の感情・感覚を表す形容詞連用形が

認識の副詞的成分として用いられやすいことが判明した。その理由として語用論的理由によることを説明した。

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本研究では、自己動作の効果を明らかにすることを目的に、自閉症児1 名を対象に授与動詞構文の指導を行った。研究開始前、2 ～3 語文の発話が多く観察されていた。また、使用頻度は少ないが助詞が含まれた発話も生起していた。実態に基づき、二者が受け渡しをする刺激文を読み、適切に行動することを標的とした。プレ・ポストテストでは、二者間で受け渡しをする動画刺激を呈示した直後に、対象児は「わたす」または「もらう」の動詞カードを文末に置いた。指導1 期では、対象児とST の二者間でぬいぐるみの受け渡しを行った。対象児は呈示された刺激文に応じて自己動作した。指導2 期では、ST1 名を追加して三者間で受け渡しを行った。指導1 期に加えてST 同士の受け渡しが含まれていた。その結果、指導期において標的行動の正反応率に上昇傾向がみられた。また、プレテストと比較してポストテストで正反応率が上昇した。以上の結果から、標的行動の獲得を促進する上で、自己動作を用いた指導方法の効果について考察した。

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Korean is a language that have both postpositional particles of topic marker (-eun/ neun) and nominative marker (-i/ga). The purpose of this study was to examine the acquisition of these particles in view of agentivity. We defined agentivity of a particle as the probability in which a noun phrase with the particle is processed as the agent of a sentence. Eighty Korean native speakers of 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 years old and adults were instructed to listen to simple noun-noun-verb sentences and to judge which noun was the agent by acting out the sentences using miniature animals and objects. Stimulus sentences consisted of 18 sentence types composed of particle (3) × word order (2) × noun animacy (3) combinations. The results showed that the agentivity of the nominative maker was higher than that of the topic marker in the adult's responses and it was at twelve years old when the level of agentivity came up to an adult's level. This tendency was quite similar to the way of the processing of Japanese particles: topic “-wa” and nominative “-ga”.

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In a Japanese agent-patient-action type sentence, an agent is marked by the nominative particle GA and a patient is marked by the accusative particle 0. The aim of the present study was to compare the cue strength of 0 with that of GA in sentence comprehension of agent-patient relations and to find their developmental process. Because 0 is semantically simpler than GA, it was hypothesized that (1) the cue strength of 0 was stronger than that of GA and (2) the acquisition period of the former particle was earlier than that of the latter in Japanese children. Eighty Japanese native speakers of 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 years old and adults were instructed to listen to simple sentences and to judge which noun was the agent in an act out method by using miniature animals and objects. Stimulus sentences consisted of 27 sentence types composed of word order×particle×noun animacy combinations. The results were compared with Ito and Tahara (1986). The hypotheses were both verified.

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本研究は図形シンボルを使った人工言語システム(NSL86)による言語発達遅滞児への言語訓練の可能性を検討する目的で行なわれた.対象は訓練開始時CA9:2の精神発達遅滞のある発語困難児である.訓練前の言語評価の後,単語,2語連鎖,3語連鎖の順に訓練を開始した.理解と表出を並行して訓練した.単語訓練で学習されたシンボルは順次コミュニケーションボードに載せ,日常での会話に使用できるようにした.約15ヵ月の訓練を通して,計96語(名詞68語,動詞22語,形容詞6語)の単語と,「+動作」「対象+動作」「+対象+動作」の3構文の学習が成立した.全体を通して理解より表出で正答率が高い傾向が見られた.訓練室や家庭でコミュニケーションボードによる自発的で積極的な会話も可能になった.これらの結果から,言語訓練手段としてのNSL86の可能性について考察した.

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This paper offers a case study drawing from two sources of written language with different styles: literature and legal contracts. By comparing the use of the passive in Japanese, Persian, English and French, this paper identifies distinctive features of the Persian passive, an area that has not been thoroughly analyzed to date.

To what degree is the passive actually used in Persian, and in what forms does it appear? This paper elucidates these points and, in addition, compares Persian with the three other languages to achieve a more multifaceted analysis.

A comparison of typical usage of the passive in each language led to the following conclusions:

1) The rate of appearance of the passive does not differ greatly between literature and legal contracts.

2) The passive appears extremely infrequently in Persian legal contracts compared to the other languages.

3) Similarly to the case of Japanese, appearances of the passive in Persian literature were less than half that of their English and French counterparts.

A possible explanation is that the difference in writing style between the languages causes the difference in the syntax used. In the case of Japanese, where unpaired transitive verbs appear frequently in legal contracts, verbs are forced to take the passive form as substituting intransitive verbs when no performer of an action is specified. In Persian, on the other hand, peripheral syntax is frequently used in a semantic aspect rather than the typical passive form. Thus, when looking at sentences with typical syntax, the passive appears less frequently than it does in the other languages besides Japanese.

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In the long tradition of study of Japanese complex sentence's semantics, one of the powerful methods to identify relations that hold among grammatical and/or semantic roles which appear in the main or subordinate clause, is the use of constraints about the so called point of view. Another promising way for the same problem is the use of constraints that relate the person who is known to have a certain motivation from the contents of the subordinate clause to a person who acts as the main clause describes. In this paper, we first summarize these two ways, and then we analyze the relationship between these. In sum, if there is no confliction between the results from these two ways of analysis, both of them are vital. If there is a confliction between them, the results from the point of view analysis overrides the motivation based analysis. The combination of these two analyses under this consideration gives us much more powerful and detailed prediction about the semantics in Japanese complex sentences.

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