One of the important problems in social geography is to examine the relationship between the spaces defined by institutional bases and real life spaces of people, in other words, between so-called formal regions and substantive regions. An institutional space, such as an administrative area, does not usually remain as a pure formal region, but grows to a territory with some actual involvement of people. If the institutional framework were abolished, for example, the substantive framework of regions would not likely disintegrate immediately, but would persist for a certain period of time. In Japan the division of feudal clan territories had long been fixed in the Edo Period, but it was almost entirely replaced by a new prefectural system after the Meiji Revolution. This paper attempts to examine to what degree a former clan boundary has influenced the affiliations and organizations of people and how the actual integration has proceeded since the institutional framework of feudal territory dissapeared, through a case study of a region comprised of the Oniyanagi and Aisari Districts, northeastern Japan, where a former clan boundary divided these two districts.
The Oniyanagi and Aisari Districts now belong to the same incorporated municipal unit, Kitakami, Iwate Prefecture, but in the Edo Period the former belonged to the territory of the Morioka Clan (Nanbu Territory) and the latter was a part of the Sendai Clan (Date Territorry). In this study the four aspects of spatial organizations, i. e. 1) administrative areas, 2) social and cultural spaces, 3) economic spaces, and, 4) communal life spaces, and their changes from the beginning of the Meiji Period to the present are examined with special attention to the separation and integration of the above two districts, through an intensive field research. And we consider, through this research, the territoriality of a region where its institutional framework has been drastically changed.
According to our research it is shown that each community of the two districts has had its own cohesiveness, to varying degrees, in each aspect of the spatial organizations through the history of the modern era (after the Meiji Revolution) of Japan. In other words the two districts discussed here have continued to show a strong feeling of territoriality even after the former feudal boundary was abolished. However, it is also true that integration of the two districts in administration as well as in educational activities were tried several times repeatedly, and cooperation and intercommunication in social and cultural lives were also often attempted, especially in recent times after Kitakami was established as a city in 1954. Namely, the opposing forces toward separation as well as integration have operated among these former border areas, and the relationship between these forces has created the essential character of the history in this region.
Although it is not easy to indicate the exact factors which cause the above-mentioned phenomena, we can suggest some general notions. First, as for the conditions which have supported the separation and independence of each district, the following information can be summed up; 1) cultural differences and perception gap caused by a continuing barrier function of the former clan boundary, 2) differences in agricultural practices and irrigation systems which are closely related to the physical conditions of each district, and, 3) social secession which would be fed back to further separation in social organizations. Second, the backgrounds for the movements toward integration can be summarized by indicating following three factors; 1) geographical conditions, especially the lack of evident physical dividing lines at the border area, 2) enlargement of economic regions, especially the growing urbanization of Kitakami, and, 3) political situations, especially the formation of large administrative units such as Iwate Prefecture or the city of Kitakami.

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本研究は、商業施設の撤退モデルを構築することを目的とする。このモデルは、選択配分モデルにより導出される施設集客力の変化に着目するものであり、集客力が施設開設時から半減すると施設は撤退する、という作業仮説に基づいて構築される。岩手県花巻市、、奥州市、一関市の大型家電量販店の撤退と存続を対象として分析を行い、撤退モデルの適合性を検証する。最終的に、提案するモデルは現実の事例に概ね合致するという結果を得た。

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第1報で明らかにされた各種の火山灰土壤について, 母材と土壤生成の関係を研究した結果, 母材の累積的堆積状態が, 各地形面での土壤生成に密接に関係していることが明らかにされた. また本研究では, テフラ中の強磁性鉱物の化学組成が, テフラの識別に有効であることも明らかにされた.
研究対象とされた村崎野軽石層までのテフラは, 上部より1,000～5,000年と推定される石英安山岩質の累積火山灰 (金ケ崎および村崎野面の黒ボク土のA₁層), 10,000～数万年と推定される安山岩質の累積性火山灰 (例えば村崎野面の黒ボク土のIIB_b層), および数万年ないしそれ以上の安山岩質の火山灰と村崎野軽石層 (例えば村崎野面の黒ボク土のIIIA_b層以下) よりなっている. そして, このような累積性の母材は, 間けつ的な降灰によって供給されたため, それぞれかって地表風化を受け, 下部ほどよく風化していることが分った.
金ケ崎段丘上の火山灰は, すべて若い累積性火山灰 (1,000～5,000年) を母材とする若返りタイプのA₁層を形成している. そして火山灰層の下位には扇状地を構成する堆積物が存在する.
村崎野段丘では母材の人為的混合, 削剥, 移動再積が各土壤の生成に密接に関係している. この段丘上の黒ボク土のA₁層は, 金ケ崎段丘の黒ボク土のA₁層の母材に加えて, 下位のIIB_1b層の火山灰も一部含まれている. しかもこれらの母材が人為的によく混合されていることが分った. 淡色黒ボク土-IIは, 人為の影響を強く受けて, 黒ボク土のA₁層に相当する母材が削剥されて生成している. 一方多湿黒ボク土は, 再積性土壤である.
西根段丘の地域の土壤は, 地形の開析が進んでいるため, 頂面 (summit) から背斜面 (backslope) までは削剥土壤である淡色黒ボク土-IIが, また斜面の下部 (footslope) から谷底部 (valley bottom) までは再積性の多湿黒ボク土であることが明らかとなった. なお本地域の火山灰土壤の生成には, 地形と母材に加えて, 人為や植生もまた密接に関係していることが, 考察された.

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1998年から2000年にかけてチャバネアオカメムシの集合フェロモンと予察灯を用いてリンゴを加害するカメムシ類の誘殺消長を把握した。その結果, 集合フェロモントラップでは, チャバネアオカメムシが最も誘殺が多かったのに対し, 予察灯ではクサギカメムシの誘殺が最も多かった。また, 誘殺時期は, 集合フェロモントラップでは5月に越冬後成虫の誘殺が多く, 7月以降の新成虫の誘殺は少なかった。一方, 予察灯では5月に越冬成虫は誘殺されず, 7月下旬以降に新成虫の誘殺が多かった。以上により両トラップの誘殺消長は全く異なっていた。

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本稿では，「企業立地促進法」の基本計画策定過程の検討を通じて，地方分権下の地域産業政策形成において，政府間関係が果たす役割と課題を考察した．全国的な企業立地促進法の計画策定状況と四日市市，の計画形成過程を検討した結果，都道府県が依然として主導的な役割を果たしていたことが明らかになった．一方で市町村は，過去に地域産業政策の策定に携わった経験を持つ自治体は独自に計画を策定していた反面，水平的関係を通じた政策情報の交換はみられず，他の市町村は補完的な役割にとどまり計画内容には大きな影響を及ぼしていなかった．

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Public theaters established by local governments play an important role in local cultural promotion. They provide high quality stage performances for the local populace. However, public theaters are not immune from socio-economic changes and are under great pressure to contribute to the local community. In 2012, the Theater Law was enacted, clearly stating that theaters should be an “open space” for the assembly of local residents. In order to consider this new additional role, this study examines theater goers in detail, and estimates the use value from their theater visits. Taking the case of a typical local theater, Sakura Hall in Iwate Prefecture, which attracts approximately 250,000 visitors a year, we found that people visit the theater not only to attend performances but also for activities such as practicing artistic activities, studying, and attending meetings. Also, the study results indicated that the availability of these cultural activities in a broad sense, rather than based on specific profiles of attendees - age, gender, residential area, and profession - increases the number of theater visits, and a use value equivalent to about 400 million yen was estimated by the travel cost method, which is larger than the annual budget allocation from the local government.

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