本稿はボルソナロ政権下における大統領・議会関係の特徴を検討したものである。2018年総選挙におけるボルソナロの当選や下院選・上院選での社会自由党の躍進、労働者党・ブラジル社会民主党・ブラジル民主運動の議席の減少は既存の政党政治に対する不信の産物であった。そのため、ボルソナロは比例代表制・多党制・大統領制という組み合わせによって生み出される連立政権に特徴づけられる「連合大統領制」を否定して議員連盟との協力による閣僚任命を行ったが、政党連合を基盤としない大統領・議会関係は不安定であり、議会が政権運営の障害となるケースも出てきている。2019年4月頃から政権側による他党との歩み寄りの模索がみられるが、「連合大統領制」への回帰による大統領・議会関係の安定化と政権の一層の支持率の低下というジレンマの中でボルソナロ大統領がどのような選択をしていくのかを、今後注視していく必要がある。

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The History of democracy is, from one point of view, the history of stragle for controling political money with it. Specially, in the age of mass-democracy after 19th century, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTION AND POLITICAL MONEY became serious and important problem. The Increase of election cost was result of people's political partisipation on one hand and it had become really serious and sometimes threat the base of democracy on the other hand. But in Britain today, the negative problem of political money is hardly discussed, because British citizen and political leader had successfully learned how to control political money in her long history. Many informed people admire it. Britain is sometimes called an honor student who deal with the problem of democracy and money. It's very meaningful to examine empirically how and why she was able to do it. But There's almost no exiting studies in Japan which analyze British political finance systematically and historically with using objective data. So the first purpose of this paper is to investigate and examine concrete data about British political finance, which is first step to analyze it. Second, I will compare it with other countries. Third, I will examine historically the relationship between political money and(1)election system, (2)party system, (3)policy system, and(4)political cultur system and analyze effect of famous Corrupt and Illigal Protection Act. Through this paper, I will prove that today Britain is really success about political finance, descibe how can realize it in her history, and make first step to modeling of her successful experience.

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This article analyzes the Kuwaiti political change in the early part of 2006 to prepare for applying the framework of political party system in the field of comparative politics. The significant fact in this period is that the Kuwait National Assembly passed the amendment of election law, slashing constituency from 25 to 5 on the 17th of July. It implied an important political change that parliament bloc had enhanced cohesion and came to the stage before maturity of political party, through the discussion about the issue of slashing and redrawing constituencies under way in earnest since the end of February, and parliament election voted on June 29th. In this article, I considered the political change mentioned above as the process that the political party, which not permitted but existent in fact according to Giovanni Sartori's definition, has been making political party system in Kuwait, combining substance with formality by the authorization and institutionalization. Then, I showed that the issue of slashing and redrawing constituency definitely driving the process through the analyzing the comprehensive elements including political practice in Kuwait. On that basis, I introduced the framework of "pre-political party system" for work in order to connect case study and comparative politics, and progress it.

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This paper is an attempt to supplement the present states of the insufficient studies in the power structure in the political history of modern Japan. That is, it is an attempt to elucidate the structure of the Yamagata clan's rule over the House of Peers, which was, beside the Army, one of the most important bases of the clan. Chapter I is to be a basis for the analysis of the structure of the House of Peers. In this chapter, the clarification of the structural characteristics of the parties will be made by analysing the decline of the Konwakai parties-both in regard to the titled members and to the imperial nominees in the House. Chapter II is an attempt to elucidate the last period of the Second Katsura Cabinet, in which the system of the Yamagata clan's rule over the House of Peers was reorganized. Part I of this chapter deals with the two parties of Saiwai-Club, which played the major role in the rule by the Yamagata clan. This part not only discusses the nature of "the executive system" (which played a leading part in controling the parties), but also indicates the fact that the Yamagata clan practically ruled and controled both the two parties of Saiwai-Club by organizing the chief members of the executives into an unofficial organization called Jukkin-Kai. This part, in addition, investigates the generational characteristics of the Yamagata clan as a union of officials. Part II of this chapter investigates, with special attention to the viscounts and barons, the development of the Yamagata clan's deal with the titled members. Thus investigating, this part elucidates the fact that the Yamagata clan succeeded both in ruling the viscounts by ensuring its initiative in the Kenkyu-Kai under Mishima's order, and in ruling the barons by absorbing them into the two parties of Saiwai-Club. Also, this part clarifies the main causes of the Yamagata clan's success in ensuring its initiative in the Kenkyu-Kai. Chapter III is an attempt to investigate the divisional nature of the whole structure of the Yamagata clan as well as to explain concretely its centripetal tendency by paying attention to the actual cases in the House of Peers. And lastly, the importance of the House of Peers for the whole of the Yamagata clan is examined by comparing the House and the Privy Council.

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